More Than Meets the Eye: Relationship Between Low Health Literacy and Poor Vision in Hospitalized Patients

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of study population

Characteristic	Sufficient vision (n = 668)	Insufficient vision (n = 213)	p
Age 65 years or older, n (%)	171 (26)	86 (40)	<.001
Female, n (%) ^a	375 (56)	126 (59)	.44
Non-White race, n (%) ^b	542 (81)	193 (91)	.001
Some high school or less education, n (%) ^c	107 (16)	63 (30)	<.001
No insurance or on Medicaid, n (%) ^d	190 (34)	26 (26)	.11
Household income <$25,000, n (%) ^e	119 (46)	39 (68)	.003

Table 2. Performance of health literacy screening questions for detecting inadequate health literacy (n = 668)

Question	AUROC	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	+LR	−LR
1. Confident with forms ^a	0.60	24.4	92.7	3.34	0.82
2. Help read ^b	0.60	33.8	82.9	1.98	0.80
3. Problems learning ^c	0.60	30.9	86.6	2.31	0.80
Combined	0.65	51.1	74.2	1.98	0.66

Chew , L. D. , Bradley , K. A. , & Boyko , E. J. ( 2004 ). Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy . Family Medicine , 36 , 588 – 594 .

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