Young People Smokers’ Reactions on Peer Influence Not to Smoke

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive baseline characteristics for the covert and overt condition.

	Covert condition (N = 15)	Overt condition (N = 16)
Frequencies in%, N
Gender
Female	46.7, 7	50, 8
Male	53.3, 8	50, 8
Living
At their parents' home	86.7, 13	68.8, 11
On their own	13.3, 2	31.3, 5
Current Smoking Behavior
1–5 Cigarettes/day	26.7, 4	37.5, 6
6–10 Cigarettes/day	53.3, 8	12.5, 2
11–20 Cigarettes/day	13.3, 2	37.5, 6
21–30 Cigarettes/day	6.7, 1	12.5, 2
Range minimum to maximum (M, SD)
Age	17–24 years (19.13, 1.85)	16–24 years (18.56, 1.97)

Table 2. Young smokers' accounts in reaction to peer discouragement.

Accounts	Number of cases	Number of reactions
Admission	10	15
Financial	6	6
Health	3	3
General disqualification	4	6
Excuses	16	46
Denial of volition	13	23
Denial of agency	2	2
Appeal to mitigating circumstances	9	21
Justification	7	10
Claim that effect has been misrepresented	2	3
Desire for self-fulfillment	7	7
Appeal to values	0	0

Table 3. Three types of acknowledgement (i.e. marked, unmarked and open resistance) present in the overt and covert peer influence condition.

	Number of acknowledgments
	Marked	Unmarked	Open resistance	Total
Overt condition	10	26	8	44
Covert condition	23	4	7	34
Total	33	30	15	78

Table 4. Three types of acknowledgement (i.e. marked, unmarked and open resistance) present in the first, second, and third peer discouragement.

	Number of acknowledgments
	Marked	Unmarked	Open resistance	Total
First discouragement	5 (1 O + 4 C)	10 (10 O + 0 C)	2 (1 O + 1 C)	17
Second discouragement	16 (4 O + 12 C)	13 (11 O + 2 C)	2 (1 O + 1 C)	31
Third discouragement	12 (5 O + 7 C)	7 (5 O + 2 C)	11 (6 O + 5 C)	30
Total	33	30	15	78

Note: “O” stands for the overt peer influence condition and “C” for the covert peer influence condition.