The Interaction of Smoking Cessation Norms and Nicotine Dependence on Quit Attempts: Gender-Stratified Results for Low-Income Smokers in Baltimore, MD

Abstract

Background: Declines in smoking prevalence among low-income adults lag behind national samples. Understanding the influence of social context factors such as gender, and normative influence on smoking attitudes and behaviors, can inform smoking cessation interventions. Objective: This study explored how gender, smoking dependence, and cessation norms influenced the likelihood of current quit attempts among urban-dwelling, predominately African American adults. Methods: Participants answered questions about their current quit attempts, smoking dependence (heaviness of smoking index [HSI]), and cessation norms (descriptive: having friends who quit smoking; injunctive: friends disapproving of smoking) as a part of a parent study exploring social and environmental factors in tobacco use. Logistic regression stratifying by gender and adjusting for demographics examined main and interaction effects of norms and HSI on odds of having a current quit attempt. Results: Among men, having a higher smoking dependence was associated with a reduced likelihood of trying to quit (AOR = 0.30 [0.15–0.59]), but this effect was moderated by having friends who had quit smoking (AOR = 2.40 [1.20–4.78]). When accounting for the effect of friends quitting smoking, men were not influenced by friends disapproving of smoking. Among women, currently attempting to quit was predicted by neither smoking dependence nor norms. Conclusions/Importance: Cessation norms and smoking dependence influenced the likelihood of quit attempts for men, but not women, in this study. This highlights the importance of conducting gender stratification in smoking cessation research so as to better understand how social and environmental factors differently impact cessation outcomes for men and women.

Keywords:

• Smoking cessation
• peer influence
• vulnerable populations
• social norms
• African Americans

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge and thank participants in this study from Baltimore, MD.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by FDA and NIH grant support, Award # 5R01DA032217-04S1 and Research reported in this publication was supported by NIDA/NIH and FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP).