Illicit Drugs in the Nightlife Setting: Changes in Employee Perceptions and Drug Use over a Fifteen-Year Period

Figures & data

Figure 1. Number of trained employees within the Clubs against Drugs program.

Table 1. Demographic comparisons between the samples.

	2001 (n = 446)	2007/08 (n = 677)	2016/17 (n = 665)	χ2	p
Sex (%)
Male	59.8^a	51.3^a	47.2^a
Female	40.2^b	48.7^a	52.8^b	17.067	<0.001
Age in years (%)
<25	35.1^a	36.6^a	46.6^a
25–29	26.2^a, b	29.3^b	20.3^b
30–39	28.1^b	21.9^a, b	20.4^b
40+	10.6^a, b	12.2^a, b	12.7^a, b	30.913	<0.001

χ2 test was performed with significance level 0.05, two degrees (gender) and six degrees (age) of freedom, respectively, and corrected for multiple tests with Bonferroni. The letters indicate when the measurements differ significantly from each other. i.e. between values with the same letter, there is no statistically significant difference.

Table 2. Rates of reported lifetime drug use and last year drug use, by age.

	Used drugs ever	Used drugs last year
Age group	χ^2 = 11.270, p = 0.010	χ^2 = 54.627, p ≤ 0.001
< 25 (n = 291)	66.7^a	47.4^a
25–29 (n = 128)	59.4^a, b	33.6^a, b
30–39 (n = 123)	57.7^a, b	24.4^b
40+ (n = 79)	46.8^b	6.3^c
Total	60.9	34.8

χ² test was performed with significance level 0.05, three degrees of freedom, and corrected for multiple tests with Bonferroni.

The letters indicate when the different age groups differ significantly from each other. i.e. between values having the same letter there is no statistically significant difference.

Table 3. Comparisons between last year drug users and non-drug users, attitudes and observations.

	employees having used illicit drugs last year (n = 219)	employees having never used illicit drugs (n = 245)	χ^2 (p)
% having observed drug-intoxicated patrons in the last 6 months	88.1	67.8	27.412 (<0.001)
% having observed a drug offer at licensed premises in the last year	63.9	32.7	45.361 (<0.001)
% having observed a drug intake at licensed premises in the last year	59.8	30.6	39.954 (<0.001)
% responding that drug-intoxicated patrons should always be asked to leave licensed premises	62.1	76.7	11.754 (0.001)
% responding it should be illegal to be intoxicated by drugs	35.2	66.8	45.618 (<0.001)
% responding illicit drugs should be legal, like tobacco and alcohol	21.2	4.9	27.678 (<0.001)

χ² test was performed with significance level 0.05 and one degree of freedom.

Table 4. Comparisons regarding attitudes and behavioral intentions among employees at different types of licensed premises (percentage distribution).

	Bar/Pub	Restaurant	Nightclub	Hotel	χ^2	p
% responding they would call the police if seeing someone take drugs at the licensed premises where they work	33.7^a, b	39.9^a, b	24.1^b	48.4^a	12.255	.007
% responding that drug-intoxicated patrons should always be asked to leave licensed premises	75.8^a	67.0^a	66.7^a	74.8^a	5.328	.149
% responding it should be illegal to be intoxicated by drugs	51.5^a	55.9^a	42.9^a	60.5^a	5.714	.126
% responding that drugs should be legal, like tobacco and alcohol	10.3^a	9.7^a	15.8^a	9.8^a	1.910^a	.591
% having observed drug-intoxicated patron in the last 6 months	82.5^a, b	81.3^a, b	93.1^b	70.2^a	14.946	.002
% having observed a drug offer at licensed premises in the last year	51.9^a	49.0^a, b	62.1^a	34.4^b	14.947	.002
% having observed a drug intake at licensed premises in the last year	45.6^a, b	43.2^a, b	62.1^b	33.9^a	13.127	.004

χ² test was performed with significance level 0.05, two degrees of freedom, and corrected for multiple tests with Bonferroni.

The letters indicate when the different measurements differ significantly from each other. i.e. between values with the same letter there is no statistically significant difference.

Table 5. Comparisons regarding illicit drug use (lifetime and last year) among employees at different types of licensed premises (percentage distribution).

	Bar/Pub	Restaurant	Nightclub	Hotel	χ^2	p
Lifetime use of any illicit drug	65.5^a	66.3^a	64.8^a, b	47.5^b	13.508	.004
Last year use of any illicit drug	38.5^a	38.7^a	42.6^a	25.8^a	7.522	.057

χ² test was performed with significance level 0.05, two degrees of freedom, and corrected for multiple tests with Bonferroni.

The letters indicate when the different measurements differ significantly from each other. i.e. between values with the same letter there is no statistically significant difference.

Table 6. Comparisons over time, attitudes and behavioral intentions among employees (percentage distribution).

	2001 (n = 446)	2007/08 (n = 677)	2016/17 (n = 665)	χ^2	p
% responding they would call the police if seeing someone take drugs at the licensed premises where they work	38.8^a	52.9^b	38.1^a	35.744	<0.001
% responding that drug-intoxicated patrons should always be asked to leave licensed premises	73.9^a	84.5^b	71.3^a	36.268	<0.001
% responding it should be illegal to be intoxicated by drugs	62.4^a	67.4^a	53.7^b	26.439	<0.001
% responding that drugs should be legal, like tobacco and alcohol	5.9^a	4.9^a	10.6^b	17.225	<0.001
% having observed drug-intoxicated patron in the last 6 months	82.8^a	75.9^b	78.4^a,b	7.719	0.021
% having observed a drug offer at licensed premises in the last year	48.1^a	39.0^b	47.6^a	13.148	0.001
% having observed a drug intake at licensed premises in the last year	46.2^a	37.9^b	43.2^a,b	8.287	0.016

χ² test was performed with significance level 0.05, two degrees of freedom, and corrected for multiple tests with Bonferroni.

The letters indicate when the different measurements differ significantly from each other. i.e. between values with the same letter there is no statistically significant difference.

Table 7. Comparisons over time, proportion (%) of employees reporting lifetime use of illicit drugs (and by substance).

	2001 (n = 446)	2007/08 (n = 677)	2016/17 (n = 665)	χ^2	p
Lifetime use	60.3^a	52.6^b	60.8^a	10.364	0.006
Last year use	26.7^a	18.9^b	34.8^c	40.272	<0.001
Last month use	7.9^a	5.1^a	14.3^b	32.998	<0.001
Cannabis	52.7^a,b	47.1^a	58.7^b	17.544	<0.001
Cocaine	24.9^a,b	21.9^a	31.4^b	15.285	<0.001
Amphetamine	20.4^a	14.5^b	17.1^a, b	6.740	0.034
Ecstasy	16.4^a	13.1^a	24.4^b	28.106	<0.001
Heroin IV use *	0.2	–	0.3
Heroin inhalant *	0.9^a	1.6^a	1.0^a	1.455	0.483
LSD	6.1^a	5.9^a	9.4^a	6.906	0.032
Mushrooms	7.2^a	5.6^a	11.8^b	16.703	<0.001
Sedatives	14.0^a	14.5^a	20.0^b	8.723	0.013

χ² test was performed with significance level 0.05, two degrees of freedom, and corrected for multiple tests with Bonferroni.

The letters indicate when the different measurements differ significantly from each other. i.e. between values with the same letter there is no statistically significant difference.

* There are too few data to calculate χ².

Table

	No	Once	2-4 times	5-20 times	More than 20 times
a) Hash/Marijuana	□	□	□	□	□
b) Amphetamine	□	□	□	□	□
c) Cocaine	□	□	□	□	□
d) Heroin (injecting)	□	□	□	□	□
e) Heroin (smoking)	□	□	□	□	□
f) Ecstasy	□	□	□	□	□
g) LSD	□	□	□	□	□
h) MOP	□	□	□	□	□
h) Hallucinogenic mushrooms	□	□	□	□	□
i) Medical drugs without prescription (citodon, valium etc.)	□	□	□	□	□
j) Other illicit drugs…	□	□	□	□	□

Table

	No	Yes, once	Yes, several times
a) At a licensed premise (e.g. nightclub, bar, pub)	□	□	□
b) At a friend's house (e.g. private party)	□	□	□
c) At an underground club	□	□	□
d) At a festival	□	□	□
e) On the street	□	□	□
f) At work	□	□	□
g) Abroad	□	□	□
h) Another place…	□	□	□

Table

	No	Once	2-4 times	5-20 times	More than 20 times
a) Hash/Marijuana	□	□	□	□	□
b) Amphetamine	□	□	□	□	□
c) Cocaine	□	□	□	□	□
d) Heroin (injecting)	□	□	□	□	□
e) Heroin (smoking)	□	□	□	□	□
f) Ecstasy	□	□	□	□	□
g) LSD	□	□	□	□	□
h) MOP	□	□	□	□	□
h) Hallucinogenic mushrooms	□	□	□	□	□
i) Medical drugs without prescription (citodon^®, valium etc.)	□	□	□	□	□
j) Another illicit drug…	□	□	□	□	□

Table

	No	Yes, once	Yes, several times
a) At a licensed premise (e.g. nightclub, bar, pub)	□	□	□
b) At a friend's house (e.g. private party)	□	□	□
c) At an underground club	□	□	□
d) At a festival	□	□	□
e) On the street	□	□	□
f) At work	□	□	□
g) Abroad	□	□	□
h) Another place…	□	□	□