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Research Article

David Hume on Suicide and the Value of Human Life: A European Legacy

Published online: 06 Aug 2024
 

ABSTRACT

This essay discusses Hume’s views on suicide and the value of life, also with an eye to their relevance to the present debate on euthanasia. I will first take a look at some of the more personal remarks Hume made in his letters on these subjects and the role they played in his own life. Next I will discuss his essay “Of Suicide” and look at what Hume aimed at with this, in his day certainly controversial, essay. For further clarification I compare Hume’s views with those of Kant on the same issues and discuss their influence on today’s views on (assistance with) suicide and the value of life as found in the European Declaration of Human Rights and in relevant court rulings. Finally, I will illustrate the relevance of the views of both Kant and, increasingly, of Hume to the current debate on some of today’s most vital end-of-life questions.

List of Abbreviations of Hume’s Works

FL=

Further Letters of David Hume

L=

The Letters of David Hume, 2 vols.

NL=

New Letters of David Hume

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. As I have argued in “David Hume: Sceptical Atheist or Religious Conservative,” 107–23.

2. Hardy, Memoirs of James Caulfield, 16–17.

3. Anonymous reviewer of “Of Suicide,” The Monthly Review 70 (1784): 427–28.

4. Greig, Introduction to Letters of David Hume, 1.xxi. Hereafter references to Hume’s letters are cited in the text using the abbreviations listed above.

5. Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge, Catalogue of The Burdett Coutts Library.

6. Cf. also Mossner, Life of David Hume, 615.

7. Scott and Pottle, eds., Private Papers of James Boswell, vol. 12, 227–32.

8. See, for instance, Dennis Rasmussen, The Infidel and the Professor, 246–51.

9. Hume, “Of Suicide,” in Essays: Moral, Political and Literary, 588. Hereafter references to this essay, citing page numbers, are given in the text.

10. Thus was decided by the verdict of the European Court of Human Rights in Haas v. Switzerland in 2011; ECLI:CE:ECHR:2011:0120JUD00313220.

11. ECLI:NL:HR:2002:AE8772, conclusion of the A-G, under nr. 10, p. 14 of 42. This concerns the still relevant, final verdict in the Brongersma-case, shortly before the Dutch “euthanasia-law” came into force.

12. Kant, Metaphysik der Sitten, 268–69 (AA 422–23).

13. Kant, Metaphysik der Sitten, 269 (AA, 422/3).

14. Ibid., 270 (AA, 423); and Kant, Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht (Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View), 192–95 (AA, 258–59). This “classical” type of suicide Kant is prepared to condone, though reluctantly and as a real exception.

15. Kant, Metaphysik der Sitten, 269 (AA, 422): “Aber eben dieser Mut, diese Seelenstärke, den Tod nicht zu fürchten und etwas zu kennen, was der Mensch noch höher schätzen kann, als sein Leben, hätte ihm ein um noch so viel größerer Bewegungsgrund sein müssen, sich, ein Wesen von so großer, über die stärkste sinnliche Triebfedern gewalthabenden Obermacht, nicht zu zerstören, mithin sich des Lebens nicht zu berauben.”

16. Kant, Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals), 42–43 (AA, 421): “handle nur nach derjenigen Maxime, durch die du zugleich wollen kannst, das sie ein allgemeines Gesetz werde”; and “handle so, als ob die Maxime deiner Handlung durch deinen Willen zum allgemeinen Naturgesetze werden sollte.”

17. Ibid., 43 (AA, 421–22): “Einer, der durch eine Reihe von Übeln, die bis zur Hoffnungslosigkeit angewachsen ist, einen Überdruss am Leben empfindet, ist noch so weit im Besitze seiner Vernunft, dass er sich selbst fragen kann, ob es auch nicht etwa der Pflicht gegen sich selbst zuwider sei, sich das Leben zu nehmen.”

18. Ibid., 43/4 (AA, 422): “Seine Maxime aber ist: ich mache es mir aus Selbstliebe zum Prinzip, wenn das Leben bei seiner längeren Frist mehr Übel droht, als es Annehmlichkeit verspricht, es mir abzukürzen.” … “Da sieht man aber bald, dass eine Natur, deren Gesetz es wäre, durch dieselbe Empfindung, deren Bestimmung es ist, zur Beförderung des Lebens anzutreiben, das Leben selbst zu zerstören, ihr selbst widersprechen und also nicht als Natur bestehen würde, mithin jene Maxime unmöglich als allgemeines Naturgesetz stattfinden könne und folglich dem obersten Prinzip aller Pflicht gänzlich widerstreite.”

19. Ibid., 50, 52 (AA, 428–29): “der Mensch und überhaupt jedes vernünftige Wesen existiert als Zweck an sich selbst, nicht bloß als Mittel zum beliebigen Gebrauche für diesen oder jenen Willen.”… “Handle so, dass du die Menschheit sowohl in deiner Person, als in der Person eines jeden andern jederzeit zugleich als Zweck, niemals bloß als Mittel brauchst.”… “Wenn er, um einem beschwerlichen Zustande zu entfliehen, sich selbst zerstört, so bedient er sich einer Person bloß als eines Mittels zu Erhaltung eines erträglichen Zustandes bis zu Ende des Lebens.”… Der mensch ist … nicht etwas, das bloß als Mittel gebraucht werden kann, sondern muss bei allen seinen Handlungen jederzeit als Zweck an sich selbst betrachtet werden.”

20. Smidt and Smidt, Geschiedenis van het Wetboek van Strafrecht, vol. 2, 465.

21. ECLI:NL:HR:2002:AE8772; Supreme Court Brongersma, 14 of 42 Dutch courts, high and low, have since then the habit of referring to the “euthanasia-law” in similar terms, for instance: “In it … the legislature has continued to hold respect for life as a collective value to be of higher significance than the value that life has exclusively for the individual” (LJN: AF7260, 14. LJN AL8866, 4. LJN: AR8225. LJN BI5890, 16).

22. Den Hartogh, What Kind of Death, 32.

23. Germany: ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2020:rs20200226.2bvr234715. Austria: Verfassungsgerichtshof Österreich, VfGH, Az. G 139/2019, 11.12.2020.

24. Court of The Hague ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2022:13394, at 5.15.

25. A substantial number of countries have created their legal possibilities, but leaving room for substantial differences. See, for instance, The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Oregon, Washington, Canada, Australia.

26. Since the “euthanasia law” came into force in the Netherlands in 2002, only one physician has (recently) been prosecuted, after more than 80,000 euthanasia cases were reported to the review committees. In this case the review report is also available in English. Download the full text (pp. 54–58) of the 2016 report at https://english.euthanasiecommissie.nl/the-committees/annual-reports.

27. There are different varieties of dementia. For a more detailed treatment, see Vink, “Dementia & Euthanasia,” 33–47; and Vink, “Self-euthanasia, the Dutch Experience,” 681–88.

28. For “critical interest,” cf. Dworkin, Life’s Dominion, 235; for “ulterior interest,” cf. Feinberg, Harm to Others, Vol. 1, 37.

29. In the only euthanasia-case brought to court in the Netherlands so far, the physician also appeared before the Medical Board. There, among other things, she stated that due to the advanced dementia “if prior to the actual euthanasia the patient had said that she did not want to die, she would still have gone through with it.” ECLI:NL:TGZRSGR:2018:165, p. 10. A quite remarkable statement that the Court and the Supreme Court passed by in equally remarkable silence.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ton Vink

Ton Vink wrote his PhD thesis on David Hume’s Dialogues concerning Natural Religion, and recently published Een leven als ‘man of letters’. Biografie van David Hume (2022). For more than twenty years he ran a philosophical practice specializing in end-of-life decisions (www.ninewells.nl; [email protected]). Accused of assisting with suicide he was acquitted by the Court of Amsterdam in 2007. He is one of the main contributors, in writing and as a counselor, to the Dutch euthanasia debate, and editor of the Dutch journal Filosofie & Praktijk, published by Amsterdam University Press.

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