Integrating trauma-informed services in out-of-school time programs to mitigate the impact of community gun violence on youth mental health

Figures & data

Table 1. Description of trauma-informed services delivered in OST programs through the VIP Initiative.

Service	Description	Setting
Psychotherapy	Individual therapy using evidence-based and trauma-focused treatment protocols. VIP clinicians used Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy^a and Cognitive Processing Therapy^b with youth for 12–15 sessions depending on the specific protocol.	In-person on-site at OST programs Telehealth
Mental Health Promotion Groups	Group sessions utilizing modules from the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents^c. Modules included: getting to know emotions, changing emotions and behaviors, identifying body clues, looking at thoughts, and using detective thinking for problem solving.	In-person on-site at OST programs
Single-session Drop-in Consultation	Drop-in support conversations using a single-session consultation framework. VIP clinicians met with youth for 15–30 minutes to discuss a single concern using a solution-focused approach.	In-person on-site at OST programs
Single-session Group Intervention	Single-session group utilizing the Action Brings Change^d intervention. Four 50-minute groups were held with youth in two OST programs with a week between each group. The content of each group was formatted to be stand-alone due to the single-session structure of the intervention.	In-person on-site at OST programs
Professional Development Training	Didactic training for OST program staff and outpatient clinicians in a community mental health setting. Content focused on trauma, traumatic stress, and fostering self-care.	In-person on-site at OST programs Virtual

^aCohen et al. (2017). ^bResick et al. (2016). ^cEhrenreich-May et al. (2017). ^dSchleider et al. (2019).

Table 2. Demographics for recipients of trauma-informed services through the VIP Initiative.

	Recipients of intervention services^a		Recipients of professional development training
Characteristics	N	%	N	%
Gender
Male	43	45%	24	63%
Female	43	45%	14	37%
Not Reported	9	10%	0	–
Age Range
0–12	55	58%	0	–
13–17	30	32%	6	16%
18–24	1	1%	18	47%
25–34	1	1%	7	18%
35–44	0	–	4	11%
44+	1	1%	3	8%
Not Reported	7	7%	0	–
Race/Ethnicity
Black not Hispanic	21	22%	7	18.5%
White not Hispanic	3	3%	7	18.5%
Hispanic Black or White	48	51%	22	58%
Multiracial	6	6%	2	5%
Not Reported	17	18%	0	–

^aRecipients of intervention services include individual clients who completed a therapy intake, group participants, and drop-in participants. Therapy intake sessions and individual therapy were offered in Spanish for clients and caregivers whose primary language was Spanish.

Figure 1. Psychotherapy referrals and treatment initiation for the VIP Initiative.

Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2016). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual. Guilford Publications.

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Ehrenreich-May, J., Kennedy, S. M., Sherman, J. A., Bilek, E. L., Buzzella, B. A., Bennett, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2017). Unified protocols for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in children and adolescents: Therapist guide. Oxford University Press.

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Schleider, J. L., Mullarkey, M. C., Mumper, E., & Sung, J. Y. (2019). The ABC Project: Action brings change. Open Science Framework, 2019, QJ94C. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/QJ94C

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