Are you keeping your Facebook passions and habit under control? A dual-system perspective on Facebook addiction-like symptoms

Figures & data

Figure 1. Integrated duality conceptual model

Table 1. Questionnaire measurement scales and internal reliability of the constructs

Construct	Questionnaire items	Loadings	CR	AVE
Harmonious Passion	HP1: Facebook allows me to live a variety of experiences	0.70	0.805	0.508
	HP2: The new things that I discover with Facebook allow me to appreciate it even more	0.75
	HP3: Using Facebook is in harmony with the other activities in my life	0.72
	HP4: Using Facebook is for me a passion that I still manage to control	0.68
Obsessive Passion	OP1: The urge is so strong. I can’t help myself from using Facebook	0.83	0.918	0.736
	OP2: I have difficulty imagining my life without using Facebook	0.82
	OP3: I almost have an obsessive feeling for using Facebook	0.90
	OP4: I am emotionally dependent on using Facebook	0.88
Habit	HB1: Checking Facebook has become a habit to me	0.86	0.906	0.763
	HB2: Checking Facebook has become natural to me	0.86
	HB3: Checking Facebook has become automatic to me	0.90
Self-Control	SC1: I am good at resisting the temptation to use Facebook	0.72	0.764	0.519
	SC2: I never allow myself to lose control of my Facebook use	0.69
	SC3: People would say that I have iron self-discipline when using Facebook	0.75
Facebook Usage	US1: Please estimate how long you spend on average per day on Facebook (7 point scale: Don’t use at all, Less than 10 minutes, About 20 minutes, About 40 minutes, About 1 hour, About 1.5 hours, More than 1.5 hours)	0.75	0.855	0.664
	US2: How do you consider the extent of your current Facebook use? (7 point scale: Non use, Very light use, Light use, Moderate use, Somewhat heavy use, Heavy use, Very heavy use)	0.88
	US3: Please estimate how many times per day on average you access Facebook (7 point scale: Don’t use at all, Less than once per day, 1-2 times per day, 3-5 times per day, 6-10 times per day, 11-15 times per day, More than 15 times per day)	0.81
Addiction-like symptoms	AS1: I sometimes neglected important things because of my interest in Facebook?	0.85	0.907	0.660
	AS2: My social life has sometimes suffered because of me interacting with Facebook	0.84
	AS3: Using Facebook sometimes interfered with other activities	0.78
	AS4: When I was not using Facebook, I often felt agitated	0.79
	AS5: I was sometimes late for engagements because I was using Facebook	0.80

Table 2. Demographics of study participants

Measure		N	%
Gender	Male	121	53.8
	Female	104	46.2
Age	18 - 24	30	13.3
	25 - 34	70	31.1
	35 – 44	58	25.8
	45 - 54	36	16.0
	> 54	31	13.8

Table 3. Measure summary statistics and correlations

Construct	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
HP	3.446	0.767	0.713
OP	2.351	1.054	0.371**	0.858
HB	3.895	0.942	0.404**	0.462**	0.873
SC	3.274	0.979	-0.117	-0.467**	-0.340**	0.720
US	4.437	1.337	0.379**	0.518**	0.596**	-0.403**	0.815
AS	2.066	0.972	0.186**	0.754**	0.275**	-0.403**	0.339**	0.812

Note: Square roots of the AVE are reported in italics on the diagonal; Pearson Correlations: **p <0.01; HP: Harmonious Passion, OP: Obsessive Passion; HB: Habit, SC: Self-control; US: Use; AS: Addiction-like symptoms.

Table 4. Results of structural model analysis

		Model 1		Model 2		Model 1	Model 2
Hypothesis	Path	Std β (SE)	p-value	Std β (SE)	p-value	Decision	Decision
H1	US → AS	.217* (.104)	.043	-.010 (.083)	.900	Supported	Not Supported
H2	HB → US	.544** (.064)	.000	.407** (.073)	.000	Supported	Supported
H3	HB → AS	.062 (.096)	.496	-.055 (.074)	.466	Supported	Supported
H4	HP → HB	-		.275** (.076)	.000	-	Supported
H5	OP → HB	-		.261** (.082)	.001	-	Supported
H6	HP → US	-		.145 (.077)	.074	-	Not Supported
H7	OP → US	-		.222** (.079)	.005	-	Supported
H8	HP → AS	-		-.032 (.066)	.621	-	Not Supported
H9	OP → AS	-		.768** (.059)	.000	-	Supported
H10a	SC → HB	-.443** (.068)	.000	-.259** (.085)	.002	Supported	Supported
H10b	SC → OP	-		-.525** (.058)	.000	-	Supported
H10c	SC → HP	-		-.191* (.081)	.018	-	Not Supported
H10d	SC → US	-.268** (.078)	.001	-.187* (.092)	.042	Supported	Supported
H10e	SC → AS	-.280** (.084)	.001	-.070 (.086)	.413	Supported	Not Supported

Note: **p <0.01, *p <0.05

Table 5. Hypothesized model (Model 2) total and indirect effects

	Total Effect		Indirect Effect
Model	Usage	AS	Usage	AS
Habit	0.407**	-0.059	-	-0.004
Self-Control	-0.513**	-0.437**	-0.327**	-0.367**
Harmonious Passion	0.257**	-0.050	0.112**	-0.018
Obsessive Passion	0.328**	0.750**	0.106**	-0.018

Note: **p <0.01

Figure 2. Empirical model results (Model 2, **p <0.01, *p <0.05)