Innovation and entrepreneurship programs in US medical education: a landscape review and thematic analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. I&E program prevalence at US allopathic medical schools from 2007-2016. As demonstrated in the figure, medical school I&E programs increased nearly every year during this period. The symbol ▲ denotes years in which the identified I&E programs were founded. The corresponding program names and associated institutions are listed in Table 1.

Figure 2. I&E program sizes (i.e. number of participating students) as a percentage of total medical school class size. Program sizes vary greatly across the identified programs. Absolute values used to calculate these percentages are provided as average yearly program size divided by average medical school class size. Numerical superscripts correspond to the I&E programs and associated institutions listed in Table 1.

Table 1. I&E programs at US allopathic medical schools, as identified via 2016 structured internet search.

Medical school	I&E program name
Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School (BROWN)	Concentration in medical technology, innovation and entrepreneurship[16]
George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences (GW)	Clinical practice innovation and entrepreneurship track[17]
New York University School of Medicine (NYU)	Health systems innovation and policy concentration[18]
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (NU)	NUvention: Medical[19]
Thomas Jefferson University Sidney Kimmel Medical College (TJU)	College within the college design track[20]
University of Arizona College of Medicine (UA)	Leadership and innovation in healthcare distinction track[21]
University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago (UIC)	Innovation medicine program[22]
University of Michigan Medical School (UM)	Innovation and entrepreneurship path of excellence[23]
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine (UPENN)	Certificate in healthcare management, entrepreneurship, and technology[24]
University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine (USC)	Health, technology and engineering program[25]
University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF)	Innovation, entrepreneurship and business in medicine scholarly concentration[26]
University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School (UT)	Health care innovation & design distinction[27]
University of Virginia School of Medicine (UVA)	Human-centered design and medical innovation program[28]

Concentration in medical technology, innovation and entrepreneurship [Internet]. Providence (RI): Brown Alpert Medical School; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.brown.edu/academics/medical/education/concentrations/concentration-medical-technology-innovation-and-entrepreneurship.

 Google Scholar

Clinical practice innovation and entrepreneurship [Internet]. Washington (DC): GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 4]. Available from: https://smhs.gwu.edu/oso/track-program/clinical-practice-innovation-entrepreneurship.

 Google Scholar

For students: graduate medical education [Internet]. New York (NY): NYU School of Medicine; c2016 [ cited 2016 Oct 4]. Available from: http://www.med.nyu.edu/pophealth/education/for-students.

 Google Scholar

NUvention: medical [Internet]. Chicago (IL): Northwestern Farley Center For Entrepreneurship and Innovation; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 5]. Available from: http://www.farley.northwestern.edu/we-teach/nuvention/medical.html.

 Google Scholar

College within the college: JeffDESIGN [Internet]. Philadelphia (PA): Sidney Kimmel Medical College; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 1]. Available from: http://www.jefferson.edu/university/skmc/programs/cwic/tracks/design.html.

 Google Scholar

Leadership and innovation in healthcare distinction track [Internet]. Tucson (AZ): The University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 3]. Available from: http://medicine.arizona.edu/education/md-program/distinction-tracks/leadership-innovation-healthcare.

 Google Scholar

Innovation medical program (IMED) [Internet]. Chicago (IL): University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 6. Available from: .http://chicago.medicine.uic.edu/cms/One.aspx?portalId=506244&pageId=31010547.

 Google Scholar

Innovation & entrepreneurship path of excellence [Internet]. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Medical School; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 10]. Available from: https://medicine.umich.edu/medschool/education/md-program/curriculum/longitudinal-learning/paths-excellence/innovation-entrepreneurship.

 Google Scholar

Certificate [Internet]. Philadelphia (PA): PennHealthX; c2016 [ cited 2016 Oct 4]. Available from: http://pennhealthx.com/certificate.

 Google Scholar

Health, technology, and engineering [Internet]. Los Angeles (CA): University of Southern California; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 5]. Available from: https://hte.usc.edu/.

 Google Scholar

Innovation, entrepreneurship & business in medicine [Internet]. Tampa (FL): USF Health; c2016 [ cited 2016 May 31]. Available from: http://health.usf.edu/medicine/mdprogram/scp/bSC.htm.

 Google Scholar

Care transformation through innovation, leadership & discovery [Internet]. Austin (TX): The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; c2016 [ cited 2016 Jun 13]. Available form: http://dellmedschool.utexas.edu/gme/distinctions

 Google Scholar

Reboot.Healthcare [Internet]. Charlottesville (VA): UVA School of Medicine; c2016 [ cited 2016 Aug 16]. Available from: http://uvareboot.healthcare/

 Google Scholar