A medical student scholarly concentrations program: scholarly self-efficacy and impact on future research activities

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics and CRAI scores of students in the Johns Hopkins SC program, 2014–2017.

Characteristics*	N (%) or Mean (SD)
Year Completed SC Program (N = 419)
2014	102 (24)
2015	103 (25)
2016	108 (26)
2017	106 (25)
Concentration (N = 419)
Basic Science	43 (10)
Clinical Research	203 (49)
History of Medicine	29 (7)
Humanism & Ethics in Medicine	36 (9)
Public Health	108 (26)
Baseline Interest in Future Research (N = 357)
Yes, definitely	215 (60)
Yes, probably	93 (26)
Unsure	39 (11)
No	10 (3)
Publications Prior to SC (N = 313)
Yes	207 (66)
No	106 (34)
Baseline CRAI Domain Scores
Study Design & Data Analysis (N = 323)	5.5 (1.7)
Conceptualizing a Study (N = 323)	6.4 (1.7)
Collaborating with Others (N = 322)	6.4 (1.9)
Organizing a Study (N = 322)	6.5 (1.9)
Protecting Subjects & Responsible Conduct (N = 321)	4.8 (2.2)
Reporting a Study (N = 322)	5.9 (1.7)

Abbreviations: N: Study population size, SD: Standard Deviation, SC: Scholarly Concentrations, CRAI: Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory

*Baseline interest and baseline CRAI captured by student surveys. Publications abstracted only for those students who had the opportunity to graduate medical school (minimum two years after SC program completion).

Figure 1. Relationship Between Pre- and Post-SC Program Completion Composite CRAI-SF Self-Efficacy Domain Scores.

*Change calculated as the difference between post-SC and pre-SC CRAI-SF composite scores in each domain. Abbreviations: CRAI = Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory, using mean domain scores on the Post-SC questionnaire as measures of self-efficacy attainment; Regression Coefficient = Beta coefficient generated with linear regression models; 95% CI = 95% Confidence Intervals.

Table 2. Associations of average self-efficacy score at the end of SC course with outcomes, in sequential models.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Outcome	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Odds Ratio	95% CI
Highest Satisfaction with Course	1.56	1.24, 1.97	1.59	1.26, 2.01	1.57	1.20, 2.07
Highest Satisfaction with Mentor	1.42	1.17, 1.72	1.45	1.19, 1.78	1.46	1.15, 1.86
Published Manuscript During SC	1.18	0.93, 1.51	1.16	0.90, 1.50	1.09	0.79, 1.52
First Author Publication During SC	1.30	1.04, 1.62	1.26	1.01, 1.58	1.13	0.85, 1.48
Likelihood to Conduct Future Research	1.24	1.03, 1.50	1.24	1.03, 1.50	1.46	1.15, 1.86

Abbreviations: CRAI = Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory, using the Post-SC questionnaire as measures of self-efficacy attainment; 95% CI = 95% Confidence Intervals.

Average CRAI Score obtained by averaging the scores on questions in each domain of the CRAI, and then averaging across the six domains.

Model 1: Unadjusted Model, containing only exposure and outcome variables.

Model 2: Minimally Adjusted Model, containing exposure and outcome variables, as well as SC concentration category.

Model 3: Fully Adjusted Model, containing exposure and outcome variables, covariates from Model 2, as well as publications prior to SC and average CRAI score before starting the SC curriculum.

Figure 2. Associations of Average Self-Efficacy Score at End of SC Course with Outcomes, Across Domains and Overall Average.

Average CRAI Score obtained by averaging the scores on questions in each domain of the CRAI, and then averaging across the six domains. Results presented include the Fully Adjusted Model, containing exposure and outcome variables, choice of SC concentration, as well as publications prior to SC and average CRAI score before starting the SC curriculum.

Table 3. Associations of average CRAI score at the end of SC course with outcomes, stratified by self-reported baseline research interest.

	Highest Baseline Level of Interest (n = 378)		Other than Highest Baseline Level of Interest (n = 278)
Outcome Variable	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	P-Interaction
Highest Satisfaction with Course	1.43	1.02, 2.02	1.63	0.99, 2.69	0.21
Highest Satisfaction with Mentor	1.38	1.00, 1.91	1.60	1.07, 2.41	0.90
Published Manuscript During SC	1.38	0.81, 2.37	0.78	0.46, 1.32	0.14
First Author Publication During SC	1.49	0.99, 2.23	0.71	0.43, 1.16	0.15
Likelihood to Conduct Future Research	1.31	0.98, 1.76	1.61	1.04, 2.49	0.33

Abbreviations: CRAI = Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory, using mean domain scores on the Post-SC questionnaire as measures of self-efficacy attainment; N = Study population size; P-interaction = P-value for the interaction term (significance level of p < 0.01).

Average CRAI Score obtained by averaging the scores on questions in each domain of the CRAI, and then averaging across the 6 domains. Results presented include the Fully Adjusted Model, containing exposure and outcome variables, choice of SC concentration, as well as publications prior to SC and average CRAI score before starting the SC curriculum.

An example statement to interpret Odds Ratio: ‘We found the highest baseline level of interest to be significantly associated with higher course satisfaction ratings (OR 1.43, [1.02, 2.02]), while other baseline interest levels were not.’ [also included in text]