Games to support teaching clinical reasoning in health professions education: a scoping review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram for the scoping review process adapting to the PRISMA-ScR.

Table 1. Key characteristics of games for teaching clinical reasoning.

First author, publication year (Country)	Genre	Health profession	CR steps*	Case topic example	Language(s)
Besse, 2020 (Canada) [35]	Simulation	Nursing	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8	COPD	English
Clauson, 2019 (US) [36]	Escape room	Pharmacy	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8	Pharmacy	English
Gabriel, 2021 (US) [37]	Escape room	Nursing	1,2,3,4,6,7,8	Sepsis	English
Kubin, 2020 (US) [25]	Escape room	Nursing	1,2,4,5,6,7,8	Endocrine disorders	English
Koivisto, 2016 (Finland) [22]	Simulation	Nursing	1,2,3,4,5,6,7	Emergency setting	English and Finnish
Havola, 2021 (Finland) [38]
Fonteneau, 2020 (France) [39]	Simulation	Medicine	1,2,3,4,6,7	Exacerbation of asthma	French
Korenoski, 2021 (US) [40]	Escape room	Pharmacy	1,2,4,5,6,7	Acetaminophen toxicity	English
Chon, 2019 (Germany) [41]	Simulation	Medicine	1,2,3,4,6,7	Cardiology	German
Middeke, 2018 (Germany) [23]
Middeke, 2020 (Germany) [42]
Raupach, 2021 (Germany) [43]
Pisano, 2020 (US) [24]	Puzzle	Medicine	1,2,3,4,6,7	Anaemia	English
Zehler, 2021 (US) [44]	Puzzle	Nursing	1,3,4,6,7,8	Postpartum Hemorrhage	English
Blanié, 2020 (France) [45]	Simulation	Nursing	1,2,3,6,7	Brain trauma	French
Calik, 2022 (Turkey) [46]	Simulation	Nursing	1,2,5,6,7	Diabetic ketoacidosis	Turkish
Johnsen, 2016 (Norway) [47]	Simulation	Nursing	1,2,3,6,7	COPD	Norwegian
Johnsen, 2018 (Norway) [48]
Sullivan, 2016 (US) [49]	Simulation	Medicine	1,2,3,6,7	Acute diverticulitis	English
Luu, 2020 (US) [50]	Simulation	Medicine	1,2,6,7	Pediatric Emergency Setting	English
Tyo, 2021 (US) [51]	Board game	Nursing	1,3,4,8	Respiratory failure	English
Smith, 2021 (US) [52]	Escape room	Nursing	1,6,7	Wound infection	English
Smith, 2021 (US) [53]	Escape room	Nursing	1,6,7	Pharmacology	English
Wu, 2021 (Taiwan) [54]	Simulation	Dentistry	7	Tooth composite resin filling	Mandarin Chinese

Note: Games are ordered by the number of included clinical reasoning steps. Detailed game characteristics can be found in Appendix B.

^*The eight steps for clinical reasoning as described by Levett-Jones et al. [8] include: 1) consider the patient situation, 2) collect cues, 3) process information, 4) understand the patient problem, 5) set goals, 6) implement interventions, 7) evaluate outcomes, and 8) reflect and learn. The rationale for scoring CR steps per game is explained in Appendix C. When multiple authors address the same game, game characteristics are consolidated in the table, and the maximum number of clinical reasoning steps are shown.

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