Medical student non-modifiable risk factors and USMLE Step 1 exam score

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics non-modifiable risk factors and analysis with unadjusted risk ratios.

Non-modifiable Risk Factor	Sample number n (%)	Not Met Threshold Step 1 score of 220 (%)	Unadjusted Risk Ratios (95% CI)	p-value
ACE score <3 ≥3	59 (72.8) 22 (28.2)	9 (15.2) 12 (54.5)	– 3.58 (1.75–7.29)	– <0.01
Representation in Medicine by Race or Ethnicity ORiM URiM	70 (86.4) 11 (13.6)	16 (22.9) 5 (45.5)	– 1.99 (0.91–4.32)	– 0.11
Sex Female Male	53 (65.4) 28 (34.6)	15 (28.3) 6 (21.4)	– 1.32 (0.58–3.02)	– 0.50
Gender Man Woman Non-binary or Genderqueer	28 (34.6) 48 (59.3) 5 (6.1)	6 (21.4) 14 (29.1) 1 (20.0)	– 1.36 (0.60–3.14) 0.93 (0.14–6.18)	– 0.46 0.94
Discrimination Experience No Yes	51 (63.0) 30 (37.0)	10 (19.6) 11 (36.7)	– 1.87 (0.90–3.87)	– 0.09
Living Location when < 18 Urban Rural	59 (72.8) 22 (27.2)	14 (23.7) 7 (31.8)	– 1.34 (0.62–2.88)	– 0.46
Average Household Income when < 18 $0–74,999 $75,000–$99,999 $100,000–$149,999 $150,000–$249,999 $250,000 and up	12 (14.8) 12 (14.8) 22 (27.2) 15 (18.5) 8 (9.7)	8 (66.7) 4 (33.3) 4 (18.2) 2 (13.3) 3 (37.5)	1.78 (0.67–4.74) 0.89 (0.27–2.95) 0.48 (0.14–1.71) 0.36 (0.07–1.71) –	0.20 0.85 0.27 0.18 –
Highest Parent or Guardian Degree Less than Bachelor’s Degree Bachelor’s Degree Post-Graduate Degree	22 (27.2) 18 (22.2) 41 (51.6)	8 (36.4) 4 (22.2) 9 (22.0)	1.66 (0.75–3.68) 1.01 (0.36–2.86) –	0.22 0.98 –
Federal Assistance use when < 18 Yes No	27 (33.3) 54 (66.7)	8 (29.6) 13 (24.1)	1.23 (0.58–2.60) –	0.59 –
URiM Status, Sex, Discrimination Experience and ACEs
Non-modifiable Risk Factor	Number with ACEs ≥ 3%)		Unadjusted Risk Ratios (95% CI)	p-value
Representation in Medicine by Race or Ethnicity ORiM URiM	19 (27.1) 7 (63.6)		– 2.34 (1.30–4.23)	<0.05
Sex Male Female	4 (14.2) 21 (39.6)		– 2.77 (1.06–7.29)	<0.05
Discrimination Experience No Yes	6 (11.8) 15 (50.0)		– 4.25 (1.85–9.77)	<0.01