Equitable learning and development: Applying science to foster liberatory education

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Notes

1 For a much more thorough treatment of the history summarized here, please see, for example: Anderson (1988); Cuban (1993); Franklin and Savage (2004): Kliebard (2004); MacDonald (2004); Reese (1995); Reyhner and Eder (2004); Spring (1986); Tyack (1974); Tyack and Cuban (1995).

2 Thomas Jefferson (1788, p. 156), writing in support of publicly-funded education for White children in Virginia in order to identify a talented few, argued that: “Of the boys thus sent in any one year, trial is to be made at the grammar schools one or two years, and the best genius of the whole selected, and continued six years, and the residue dismissed. By this means twenty of the best geniuses will be raked from the rubbish annually, and be instructed at the public expense, so far as the grammar schools go.” 

3 This section of the article draws extensively from a previously unpublished paper written for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Farrington et al., 2018).