Influence of a 100-M Simulated In-Water Rescue on Cardiopulmonary Parameters

Figures & data

Figure 1. Testing protocols performed: 4-min baseline + 4-min CPR + 4-min recovery (upper panel) and 4-min baseline + 100-m simulated in-water rescue + 4-min CPR + 4-min recovery (lower panel). ^a,b,cPhysiological, CPR and performance measures, respectively.

Figure 2. VO₂ (open circles) and HR (closed circles) dynamic responses of one lifesaver performing both testing protocols.

Table 1. Values for the cardio-pulmonary parameters assessed over the 4-min baseline in session 1 (Baseline Pre-CPR) and 2 (Baseline Pre-CPR Rescue), and each minute and over the 4-min in sessions 1 (CPR) and 2 (CPR Rescue) (mean ± SD)

Parameters		Rf (b.min^−1)	VT (L)	VE (L. min^−1)	VO2 (mL/kg/min)	VCO2 (L.min^−1)	HR (bpm)	PetCO2 (mmHg)	R
Baseline	Pre-CPR	16.7 ± 4.3^*	1.2 ± 0.5	17.9 ± 3.6^*	6.4 ± 1.5^*	0.5 ± 0.1	88.2 ± 13.7	33.7 ± 4.0^*	0.8 ± 0.1
	Pre-CPR Rescue	19.8 ± 4.1	1.1 ± 0.3	21.2 ± 4.9	8.0 ± 2.2	0.6 ± 0.2	87.4 ± 19.8	31.7 ± 3.5	0.8 ± 0.1
CPR	1^st min	29.2 ± 9.2^1	1.4 ± 0.4^1	36.1 ± 7.6^1	12.2 ± 2.0^1	0.99 ± 0.2^1	113 ± 17^1	29.5 ± 4.6^1	1.1 ± 0.2^1
	2^nd min	29.4 ± 8.9^2	1.5 ± 0.4^2	39.4 ± 9.0^2	17.3 ± 3.6^2	1.2 ± 0.2^2	115 ± 15^2	31.7 ± 6.3	0.9 ± 0.1^2
	3^rd min	28.1 ± 7.1^3	1.6 ± 0.4^3	43.0 ± 9.6^3	18.6 ± 3.4^3	1.3 ± 0.2^3	115 ± 15^3	32.8 ± 5.7^3	0.9 ± 0.1^3
	4^th min	28.0 ± 6.7^4	1.6 ± 0.4^4	42.0 ± 8.6^4	17.9 ± 3.6	1.2 ± 0.2^4	115 ± 16^4	33.1 ± 4.8^4	0.9 ± 0.1
	Over 4-min	28.5 ± 7.4^*	1.5 ± 0.4^*	40.5 ± 8.1^*	15.9 ± 3.9^*	1.2 ± 0.2^*	114 ± 15^*	31.7 ± 5.0	0.9 ± 0.1^*
CPR Rescue	1^st min	35.5 ± 5.5	2.8 ± 0.5	94.5 ± 18.1	28.1 ± 4.1	2.6 ± 0.5	149 ± 15	33.5 ± 4.3	1.3 ± 0.1
	2^nd min	33.0 ± 5.6	2.5 ± 0.5	80.4 ± 15.7	22.8 ± 3.3	2.1 ± 0.3	140 ± 16	31.2 ± 3.9	1.2 ± 0.1
	3^rd min	33.2 ± 6.1	2.3 ± 0.5	74.2 ± 13.9	21.1 ± 3.1	1.8 ± 0.3	136 ± 16	29.0 ± 3.7	1.1 ± 0.1
	4^th min	31.8 ± 5.1	2.2 ± 0.4	67.8 ± 13.5	19.1 ± 3.3	1.6 ± 0.4	133 ± 15	28.1 ± 3.8	1.0 ± 0.1
	Over 4-min	33.5 ± 5.4	2.4 ± 0.5	79.8 ± 14.9	22.8 ± 3.2	2.0 ± 0.4	139 ± 16	29.9 ± 3.5	1.2 ± 0.1

Rf: Respiratory frequency; VT: Tidal volume; V_E: Minute ventilation; VO₂: Volume of oxygen consumed; VCO₂: Volume of carbon dioxide expired; HR: Heart rate; PetCO₂: End-tidal carbon dioxide tension.

^* significantly different from Pre-CPR Rescue condition. ^1,2,3,4 significantly different from the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, and 4^th minute of the CPR Rescue condition, respectively; *significantly different from CPR Rescue condition.

Figure 3. Percentage of change of the cardiopulmonary parameters in the 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th-min relative to the 1^st-min in CPR (A) and CPR-Rescue (B) conditions.^1,2,3,4 Different from the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th-min, respectively; ^*1st-min different from all (p<0.05).

Table 2. Values for the CPR related parameters assessed over the 4-min CPR when preceded by 4-min baseline (CPR) and 100-m simulated in-water rescue (CPR Rescue) (mean ± SD)

Parameters	CPR	CPR Rescue
tCheck (s)	10.0 ± 4.5^*	7.8 ± 4.3
tInsufflation (s)	11.2 ± 2.8	10.4 ± 2.7
tVentilation (s)	69.1 ± 10.1^*	66.3 ± 9.8
tCompression (s)	218.5 ± 6.3^*	223.8 ± 6.1
nCompression (n)	345.3 ± 42.6^*	366.7 ± 46.3

tCheck: time spent in checking vital signals; tInsufflation: time spent in the first insufflation; tVentilation: time spent on ventilations; tCompression: time spent in compressions; nCompression: number of compressions.

^* significant different from CPR Rescue condition.

Figure 4. Mean ± SD values for compression rate over the first, second, third and fourth (cycle 3, 6, 9 and 12, respectively) three complete CPR cycles assessed when preceded by 4-min baseline (CPR) and 100-m simulated in-water rescue (CPR Rescue). ^*Different from cycles 6, 9 and 12; ^#Different from CPR condition (p<0.05).