Depression among underserved rural and urban caregivers of Latinas with breast cancer

Figures & data

Figure 1. Rural Latina caregiver theoretical model.

Table 1. Characteristics of urban and rural caregivers.

Characteristic	Urban, N = 188 Mean (St. Dev.) or N (%)	Rural, N = 70 Mean (St. Dev.) or N (%)	P
Age	43.21 (12.77)	46.31 (15.49)	.10
Number of comorbid conditions	0.34 (0.71)	0.31 (0.09)	.84
Comorbid conditions			.50
None	143 (76%)	56 (80%)
1 or more	45 (24%)	14 (20%)
Relationship: survivor is			.12
Daughter	12 (6%)	6 (9%)
Spouse	48 (26%)	26 (37%)
Other	128 (68%)	38 (54%)
Living arrangement*			.08
Together	83 (44%)	39 (57%)
Separately	105 (56%)	30 (43%)
Marital status*			.09
Married	123 (66%)	54 (77%)
Not married	63 (34%)	16 (23%)
Number of children at home	2.43 (1.70)	2.31 (1.41)	.61
Level of education			.51
Elementary school	16 (9%)	8 (11%)
Middle school	36 (20%)	11 (16%)
High school	52 (28%)	14 (20%)
Vocational/technical school or some college	52 (28%)	21 (30%)
College degree (Bachelor’s or higher)	31 (16%)	16 (23%)
Income			.03
$50,000 or more	42 (22%)	14 (20%)
$30,000-$49,999	35 (19%)	13 (19%)
$20,000-$29,999	34 (18%)	16 (23%)
$10,000-$19,999	41 (22%)	5 (7%)
Under $10,000	31 (16%)	16 (23%)
Did not answer	5 (3%)	6 (8%)
Income meets needs			.64
Not at all	18 (10%)	5 (7%)
Barely	113 (60%)	40 (57%)
Meets needs	57 (30%)	25 (35%)
Employment			.12
Unemployed	32 (17%)	8 (11%)
Part time	23 (12%)	7 (10%)
Full time	86 (46%)	28 (40%)
Retired	12 (6%)	11 (16%)
Disabled	10 (5%)	2 (3%)
Other	25 (13%)	14 (20%)
PROMIS Depression	50.91 (9.44)	48.34 (7.54)	.04
Acculturation score	2.86 (1.21)	2.84 (1.15)	.69
Obligation score	4.23 (1.01)	4.23 (0.93)	.98
Reciprocity score	4.40 (0.69)	4.36 (0.75)	.67

*Some data are missing.

Table 2. General linear models for caregiver depression: coefficients for the explanatory variables, the standard errors (SEs), and p-values.

Explanatory variable	Model 1: Coefficient (SE), p-value	Model 2: Coefficient (SE), p-value	Model 3: Coefficient (SE), p-value	Model 4: Coefficient (SE), p-value	Model 4: Coefficient (SE), p-value
Residence
Urban	2.85 (1.33), p = .03	3.07 (1.33), p = .022	3.06 (1.33), p = .023	1.32 (2.28), p = .024	3.00 (1.33), p = .025
Rural (reference)	–	–	–	–	–
Comorbidity
One or more	0.77 (1.41), p = .59	−0.27 (1.47), p = .85	−0.33 (1.49), p = .823	−0.13 (1.48), p = .93	−0.25 (1.49), p = .87
None (reference)	–	–	–	–	–
Acculturation	−1.21 (0.49), p = .015	−0.93 (0.51), p = .067	−0.93 (0.51), p = .068	−0.82 (0.51), p = .107	−0.81 (0.51), p = .115
Survivor is
daughter		6.62 (2.49), p = .008	6.70 (2.51), p = .008	6.84 (2.50), p = .007	7.05 (2.51), p = .006
Other		0.17 (1.39), p = .901	0.25 (1.41), p = .86	0.20 (1.39), p = .882	0.38 (1.41), p = .79
Spouse (reference)	–	–	–	–	–
Obligation			0.20 (0.59), p = .730		0.45 (0.61), p = .458
Reciprocity				−1.12 (0.88), p = .21	−1.32 (0.92), p = .155

Model 1 covariates: residence, comorbidity, acculturation; R-squared = .05, F(3, 229) = 3.71, p = .01.

Model 2 covariates: residence, comorbidity, acculturation, survivor–caregiver relationship; R-squared = .08, F(5, 227) = 3.80, p < .01.

Model 3 covariates: residence, comorbidity, acculturation, survivor–caregiver relationship, obligation; R-squared = .08, F(6, 226) = 3.17, p < .01.

Model 4 covariates: residence, comorbidity, acculturation, survivor–caregiver relationship, reciprocity; R-squared = .08, F(6, 226) = 3.44, p < .01.

Model 5 covariates: residence, comorbidity, acculturation, survivor–caregiver relationship, obligation, reciprocity; R-squared = .09, F(7, 225) = 3.02, p < .01.