Psychometric Evaluation of the Norwegian Versions of the Modified Group Environment Questionnaire and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the items of the geq (top part) and yseq (bottom part)

geq (sample 1)
	m	sd	skewness	kurtosis	range	n
atgs1	7.01	1.87	−0.80	−0.15	1–9	332
atgt2	6.84	2.24	−0.95	−0.03	1–9	327
atgs3	6.17	2.11	−0.41	−0.55	1–9	327
atgt4	6.74	1.84	−0.59	−0.37	2–9	324
atgs5	6.36	2.52	−0.60	−0.93	1–9	325
atgt6	6.22	2.10	−0.57	−0.57	1–9	326
atgs7	5.32	2.24	−0.16	−0.83	1–9	321
atgt8	6.14	1.85	−0.53	−0.21	1–9	320
atgs9	6.07	2.22	−0.55	−0.60	1–9	323
git10	6.53	1.86	−0.65	−0.20	1–9	319
gis11	5.17	1.92	−0.08	−0.57	1–9	317
git12	6.12	1.98	−0.37	−0.63	1–9	320
gis13	5.27	2.07	−0.19	−0.84	1–9	325
git14	6.01	1.96	−0.30	−0.59	1–9	326
gis15	5.78	2.05	−0.34	−0.68	1–9	324
git16	5.80	2.02	−0.31	−0.59	1–9	327
gis17	5.92	1.88	−0.38	−0.35	1–9	321
git18	6.17	1.77	−0.38	−0.29	1–9	326
yseq (sample 2)
	m	sd	skewness	kurtosis	range	n
task1	6.92	1.77	−0.63	−0.07	1–9	294
task3	5.68	1.92	−0.23	−0.59	1–9	298
task5	7.06	1.75	−1.04	0.89	1–9	298
task8	7.28	1.74	−0.93	0.21	1–9	296
task10	7.44	1.78	−1.41	1.68	1–9	300
task14	7.10	1.83	−0.90	0.10	1–9	296
task16	6.46	1.84	−0.52	−0.44	1–9	294
task18	7.10	1.64	−0.80	0.31	1–9	302
social2	6.31	2.19	−0.60	−0.46	1–9	299
social4	7.47	2.29	−1.57	1.43	1–9	298
social7	5.44	2.28	−0.06	−0.84	1–9	298
social9	6.95	2.12	−1.04	0.26	1–9	295
social11	6.66	2.34	−0.89	−0.15	1–9	291
social13	7.04	2.26	−1.24	0.84	1–9	300
social15	6.46	2.10	−0.75	−0.12	1–9	298
social17	6.73	2.24	−0.89	−0.11	1–9	301

atgs = attraction to group social, atgt = attraction to group task, gis = group integration social, git = group integration task.

Table 2. Goodness-of-fit statistics and information criteria for the models estimated on the full geq and yseq

	χ^2	df	cfi	tli	rmsea	rmsea 90% ci	srmr
geq
icm-cfa
m1: one-factor icm-cfa	488.153*	135	0.831	0.809	0.089	[0.080, 0.097]	0.063
m2a: two-factor icm-cfa (atg/gi)	444.611*	134	0.851	0.830	0.083	[0.075, 0.092]	0.061
m3a: two-factor icm-cfa (task/social)	376.051*	134	0.884	0.868	0.074	[0.065, 0.083]	0.055
m4a: four-factor icm-cfa	291.702*	129	0.922	0.908	0.062	[0.052, 0.071]	0.049
m5a: h-cfa (cohesion)	323.403*	131	0.908	0.893	0.066	[0.057, 0.076]	0.053
m6a: h-cfa (atg/gi)	inadmissible solution. factor correlation larger than 1.0.
m7a: h-cfa (task/social)	302.934*	130	0.917	0.903	0.063	[0.054, 0.073]	0.050
m8a: b-cfa^a	295.590*	118	0.915	0.890	0.067	[0.058, 0.077]	0.053
esem
m2b: two-factor esem (atg/gi)	355.551*	118	0.886	0.853	0.078	[0.069, 0.087]	0.046
m3b: two-factor esem (task/social)	355.551*	118	0.886	0.853	0.078	[0.069, 0.087]	0.046
m4b: four-factor esem	155.324*	87	0.967	0.943	0.049	[0.036, 0.061]	0.028
m5b: h-esem (cohesion)	153.458*	89	0.969	0.947	0.047	[0.034, 0.059]	0.028
m6b: h-esem (atg/gi)	inadmissible solution. factor correlation larger than 1.0.
m7b: h-esem (task/social)	153.571*	88	0.969	0.945	0.047	[0.035, 0.060]	0.028
m8b: b-esem	173.867*	73	0.952	0.899	0.064	[0.052, 0.077]	0.024
yseq
icm-cfa	246.402*	103	0.936	0.926	0.068	[0.057, 0.079]	0.053
esem	196.069*	89	0.952	0.936	0.063	[0.051, 0.075]	0.030

df = degrees of freedom; cfi = comparative fit index; tli = tucker-lewis index; rmsea = root-mean-square error of approximation; ci = confidence interval; gi = group integration; atg = attraction to group; icm-cfa = independent clusters model confirmatory factor analysis; h-cfa = hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis; b-cfa = bifactor confirmatory factor analysis; esem = exploratory structural equation modeling; h-esem = hierarchical exploratory structural equation; modeling, b-esem = bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling. esem models were conducted with target oblique rotation. *all χ² values are significant (p < .001). ^aThis model resulted in a negative residual variance estimate for item atgt8, which was fixed to a value of .1 to achieve an interpretable solution.

Table 3. Standardized factor loadings and item uniquenesses from the first-order four-factor icm-cfa and esem models of the geq

	icm-cfa					esem
	atgs	atgt	gis	git	δ	atgs	atgt	gis	git	δ
atgs1	0.736*				0.458*	0.701*	−0.072	0.072	0.104	0.390*
atgs3	0.665*				0.557*	0.702*	−0.187	−0.058	0.265*	0.865*
atgs5	0.606*				0.633*	0.703*	−0.020	0.141	−0.233*	0.367*
atgs7	0.798*				0.362*	0.553*	0.370*	0.256*	−0.176*	0.464*
atgs9	0.799*				0.362*	0.555*	0.328*	0.139	−0.036	0.536*
atgt2		0.243*			0.941*	0.329*	−0.134	−0.105	0.160	0.475*
atgt4		0.697*			0.514*	0.057	0.284*	−0.020	0.559*	0.280*
atgt6		0.727*			0.472*	0.280*	0.472*	−0.044	0.201*	0.436*
atgt8		0.777*			0.397*	0.284*	0.388*	−0.002	0.297*	0.354*
gis11			0.116*		0.987*	0.061	0.016	−0.020	0.089	0.306*
gis13			0.697*		0.515*	−0.010	0.037	0.678*	0.099	0.983*
gis15			0.833*		0.306*	0.198*	−0.084	0.618*	0.186*	0.578*
gis17			0.831*		0.309*	0.208*	−0.095	0.666*	0.138	0.463*
git10				0.821*	0.326*	0.097	0.410*	0.111	0.460*	0.476*
git12				0.642*	0.588*	0.130	0.190*	−0.007	0.476*	0.334*
git14				0.659*	0.565*	−0.210*	0.238*	0.253*	0.573*	0.587*
git16				0.628*	0.605*	0.270*	0.004	0.128	0.370*	0.300*
git18				0.630*	0.603*	0.010	−0.048	0.379*	0.442*	0.545*

atgs = attraction to group social, atgt = attraction to group task, gis = group integration social, git = group integration task, δ = item uniquenesses. *p < .05

Table 4. Standardized factor loadings and item uniquenesses from the bifactor esem model of geq

	atgs	atgt	gis	git	cohesion	δ
atgs1	0.399	−0.022	0.065	0.007	0.654*	0.408*
atgs3	0.570*	0.100	0.036	0.132	0.573*	0.318
atgs5	0.341	−0.142	0.081	−0.220	0.522*	0.536*
atgs7	0.049	−0.117	0.032	−0.201	0.807*	0.292*
atgs9	0.086	−0.091	−0.053	−0.099	0.794*	0.341*
atgt2	0.277*	0.031	−0.023	0.103	0.204*	0.87*
atgt4	−0.017	0.418	−0.025	0.208	0.597*	0.425*
atgt6	−0.050	0.249	−0.122	−0.053	0.677*	0.46*
atgt8	−0.015	0.180	−0.101	0.069	0.717*	0.439*
gis11	0.066	0.180	0.067	−0.053	0.094	0.947*
gis13	−0.080	−0.047	0.445*	0.020	0.574*	0.464*
gis15	0.129	0.043	0.525	0.033	0.665*	0.262
gis17	0.083	−0.178	0.411	0.127	0.685*	0.307*
git10	−0.132	0.203	−0.047	0.200	0.771*	0.304*
git12	0.013	0.166	−0.073	0.269*	0.562*	0.578*
git14	−0.176	0.305*	0.151	0.280	0.553*	0.469*
git16	0.143	−0.121	−0.037	0.384	0.590*	0.468
git18	0.006	−0.084	0.182	0.419	0.555*	0.476*

atgs = attraction to group social, atgt = attraction to group task, gis = group integration social, git = group integration task, cohesion = global cohesion factor, δ = item uniquenesses. *p < .05

Table 5. Standardized factor loadings and item uniquenesses from the first-order two-factor icm-cfa and esem models of the yseq

	icm-cfa			esem
	task	social	δ	task	social	δ
task1	0.679*		0.539*	0.769*	−0.142*	0.506*
task3	0.635*		0.596*	0.592*	0.070	0.600*
task5	0.808*		0.346*	0.813*	−0.010	0.347*
task8	0.793*		0.371*	0.727*	0.114*	0.370*
task10	0.664*		0.559*	0.623*	0.062	0.566*
task14	0.672*		0.548*	0.739*	−0.095*	0.521*
task16	0.717*		0.485*	0.619*	0.167*	0.477*
task18	0.852*		0.273*	0.883*	−0.047	0.263*
social2		0.790*	0.376*	0.028	0.769*	0.384*
social4		0.726*	0.472*	−0.048	0.750*	0.474*
social7		0.755*	0.430*	0.159*	0.661*	0.425*
social9		0.839*	0.296*	−0.113*	0.913*	0.266*
social11		0.808*	0.347*	−0.033	0.826*	0.346*
social13		0.593*	0.648*	0.067	0.555*	0.648*
social15		0.852*	0.275*	0.136*	0.771*	0.275*
social17		0.874*	0.236*	−0.063	0.918*	0.216*

δ = item uniquenesses. *p < .05

Table 6. Model fit statistics of the mimic models of the geq and yseq

	χ^2	df	cfi	tli	rmsea	rmsea 90% ci	srmr
geq
m4b: four-factor esem
null effects model	199.030*	105	0.955	0.927	0.052	[0.041, 0.063]	0.034
factors-only model	172.128*	101	0.966	0.943	0.046	[0.034, 0.058]	0.028
saturated model	162.906*	87	0.964	0.929	0.052	[0.039, 0.064]	0.027
m5b: h-esem (cohesion)
null effects model	192.559*	107	0.959	0.935	0.050	[0.038, 0.061]	0.035
factors-only model	194.026*	106	0.958	0.932	0.050	[0.039, 0.062]	0.032
saturated model	160.647*	89	0.966	0.934	0.050	[0.037, 0.062]	0.027
m7b: h-esem (task/social)
null effects model	192.415*	106	0.959	0.934	0.050	[0.039, 0.061]	0.034
factors-only model	199.159*	108	0.957	0.931	0.051	[0.040, 0.062]	0.035
saturated model	160.745*	88	0.965	0.933	0.050	[0.038, 0.063]	0.027
yseq (two-factor esem)
null effects model	223.472*	105	0.948	0.932	0.062	[0.050, 0.073]	0.033
factors-only model	223.001*	103	0.947	0.930	0.063	[0.051, 0.074]	0.033
saturated model	192.133*	89	0.955	0.931	0.062	[0.050, 0.075]	0.028

df = degrees of freedom; cfi = comparative fit index; tli = tucker-lewis index; rmsea = root-mean-square error of approximation; ci = confidence interval; srmr = standardized root mean squared residual; esem = exploratory structural equation modeling; h-esem = hierarchical exploratory structural equation; modeling, esem models were conducted with target oblique rotation. *all χ² values are significant (p < .001).