Sensitivity and linearity analysis of ozone in East Asia: The effects of domestic emission and intercontinental transport

Figures & data

Table 1. Model configurations for MM5 and CMAQ

MM5 configuration
Vertical resolution	34 σp levels
Horizontal resolution	36 km
Projection	Lamber conformal
FDDA	Analysis nudging
Cumulus	Kain–Fritsch (Kain and Fritsch, 1993)
Microphysics	Mixed phase
Radiation	RRTM
PBL	Pleim–Xiu
LSM	Pleim–Xiu LSM
LULC	USGS 25-category
CMAQ configuration
Horizontal resolution	36 km
Vertical resolution	14 sigma-pressure levels (with the top pressure of 100 mb)
Projection	Lambert conformal conic
Depth of first later	36 m
Advection	Piecewise parabolic scheme
Vertical diffusion	K-theory
Gas-phase chemistry	CB-IV with EBI solver
Dry deposition	Wesely (Wesely, 1989)
Wet deposition	Henry's law
Aqueous chemistry	Walcek (Walcek and Aleksic, 1998)
Advection	Global mass-conserving scheme
PBL scheme	Blackadar (Zhang and Anthes, 1982)
Explicit moisture scheme	Mixed phase (Reisner et al., 1998)
Atmospheric radiation scheme	Cloud (Dudhia, 1993)
Cumulus scheme	Grell
Multilayer soil temperature model	Five-layer soil model

Figure 1. Model domain for the application of CMAQ in East Asia.

Table 2. Model evaluation for MM5

	Wind speed (m/s)			Wind direction (degree)			Temperature (K)
	BM	JAN	JUL	BM	JAN	JUL	BM	JAN	JUL
RMSE	≤ 2	2.18	2.17
Bias	≤ 0.5	0.19	0.06	≤10	6.68	0.4	≤ 0.5	0.98	0.68
Gross error				≤ 0	52.39	49.35	≤ 2	2.56	2.18
IOA	≥ 0.6	0.60	0.62				≥ 0.8	0.96	0.83
Note: RMSE: root mean square error. IOA: index of agreement (Willmont, 1981).

Figure 2. CMAQ model simulations evaluate against surface observations at Taipei for O₃ (first row) and NOx (second row) in January (left column) and July (right column), 2001.

Figure 3. (a) Monthly mean wind speed, wind directions, and temperature in January and (b) July 2001. (c) Monthly mean hourly O₃ spatial distribution in January and (d) July 2001.

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of monthly average O₃ responses to local NOx emission reduction at rate of (a) 20%, (b) 50%, and (c) 100% in January, and (g) 20%, (h) 50%, and (i) 100% in July 2001; and the O₃ responses to VOC emission reduction at rate of (d) 20%, (e) 50%, and (f) 100% in January, and (j) 20%, (k) 50%, and (l) 100% in July 2001.

Figure 5. O₃ response (sensitivity cases: base) for EA and seven urban areas, resulted from local emission reduction for (a) NOx and (b) VOC in January, and for (c) NOx and (d) VOC in July 2001.

Figure 6. Monthly average O₃ responses over EA as receptor region from 20% reduction of anthropogenic NOx emissions of (a) EU, (c) SA, and (e) NA in January, and (b) EU, (d) SA, and (f) NA in July 2001.

Figure 7. Monthly average and maximum daily O₃ responses under intercontinental transport scenario from (a) EU, (b) SA, and (c) NA, and (d) O₃ perturbation under local 20% NOx emission reduction over EA.

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