Identifying problems for choosing suitable areas for installation of a new landfill through GIS technology: A case study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Hierarchy of the SW management strategies. Modified from AEPA (1996).

Figure 2. Location of Bauru municipality, São Paulo State.

Figure 3. Monthly values of temperature and rainfall for Bauru municipality (Center of Meteorological and Climatologic Researches Applied in Agriculture, 2010).

Table 1. Minor criteria considered in major restrictive for identification of suitable areas for installation of the landfill in Bauru

Feature	Criteria for exclusion	Database used	Source of information
River Network (Areas for Permanent Preservation)	For all superficial watercourses, places located inside a buffer of 200 m width are considered unsuitable for installation of landfill.	River network map (scale 1:50,000)	Law number 124 (Brazilian Countryside Ministry, 1980)
Wells (for extraction of subterranean water)	Brazilian legislation does not have a specification about this feature. However, similar to Alves et al. (2008), we considered that a landfill cannot be sited at a distance less than 200 m from any water body, including already existing wells.	Map indicating the occurrence of wells	Alves et al. (2008), BDWS (2012)
Relief (slope)	Places whose declivity is flatter than 1% or steeper than 30% were considered unsuitable for installation of landfill.	Digital elevation model of the region (scale 1:50,000)	NBR 13896 (ABNT, 1997)
Areas with ecological restrictions, that is, lands destined for conservation (e.g., parks and ecological stations)	Places located inside of such areas, were considered unsuitable for installation of landfill.	Land cover map	MPB (2008)
Buffer considering distance from central urban settlements	Places located inside of the related areas, or located in a buffer of 2 km, were also considered unsuitable for installation of landfill.	Land cover map	MPB (2008), complemented by Barbosa and Nascimento (2008)

Figure 4. Maps depicting all restrictive features considered for study area: (a) river network, (b) wells, (c) slope map, (d) areas with ecological restrictions, and (e) buffer of urban settlements.

Table 1. Minor criteria considered in major limiting for classification of areas for installation of the landfill in Bauru as being suitable or moderately suitable

Feature	Criteria for limitation	Database used	Source of information
Distance from airports (defined as Airport Security Area)	A buffer of 20 km must be considered for airport that operates through instruments	Database regarding the location and perimeters of airports	Law 004/95, (Brazilian National Environment Council, 1995)
	A buffer of 13 km for others airports.
Areas for Environmental Protection (AEP)	For AEPs named Campo Novo and Batalha, the deposition of SW is forbidden. For AEP named Água Parada, the deposition of SW is permitted only if the soil is totally waterproofed.	Polygonal maps showing the location and perimeters of each AEP	Brazilian Federal Law 9.985 of July 18, 2000
Wind direction	The northwestern, northeastern, western, southwestern, eastern, and northern regions of the municipality are considered moderately suitable because the direction of the wind might cause discomfort for population.	Data from Institute for Climatologic Researches of uri UNESP–Bauru (http:// www.ipmet.unesp.br/)	Established by authors
Road network	Places located within a buffer of 1 km from the roads were considered of suitable quality for installation of landfill, and outside were considered as moderately suitable.	Road network map (scale 1:50,000)	Established by authors

Figure 5. Limitation features: buffer map of airports (a), environmental protection areas (b), wind directions (c), and highway and streets network (d).

Figure 6. Scenario generated considering all restrictive and limiting features, but considering a buffer of 9 km for airports.

Table 3. Percentage of occurrence of each class for the scenario generated considering all restrictive and limiting features, but considering a buffer of 9 km for airports

Classes	Percentage
Suitable	8.1
Moderately suitable	6.0
Unsuitable	85.9

Figure 7. Flowchart of the steps of the general process of reduction in order to minimize the amount of SW destined to landfill. Dashed lines correspond to materials that could be sent directly to plants for composting or recycling, due to high quality (desirably).