Low emission zones reduce PM₁₀ mass concentrations and diesel soot in German cities

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of studies evaluating the effects of German LEZs

Reference	Study area and analysis method	Results
Niedermaier, 2009	Berlin, Mannheim, Stuttgart, Tübingen, Ludwigsburg
	Directly comparison of PM10 concentrations in cities with LEZ with cities without LEZ.	No effects were observed
Cyrys et al., 2009	Munich
	Comparison of PM10 concentrations before and after establishing the LEZ (4 months). Multiplicative adjustment to reference station.	5–12% relative reduction of PM10
Lutz et al., 2009	Berlin
	Comparison of annual averages of PM10 and EC concentrations	5% reduction of PM10 14–16% reduction of EC
	Additive adjustment to reference station
Bruckmann and Lutz, 2010	Berlin and Cologne
	Comparison of annual averages of PM10 and EC	5–7% reduction of annual PM10 levels
	Additive adjustment to reference station
LRP, 2010	Munich
	Estimation by dispersion modeling	2–10% reduction of PM10, stage 3 of LEZ
Rauterberg-Wulff und Lutz, 2011	Berlin
	Comparison of BS concentrations before and after establishing the LEZ. Adjusted for the changes in traffic intensity. Reference year: 2007.	21–24% decrease of BS in 2008 52% decrease of BS in 2010
Qadir et al., 2013	Munich
	PMF analysis of data on particulate organic compounds (POC) and EC on PM2.5 before and after establishing the LEZ.	50% decrease EC concentration in the traffic factor
		60% reduction of traffic factor contribution to PM2.5
Morfeld et al., 2013	Munich
	Comparison of PM10 concentrations before and after establishing the LEZ (4 months). Additive adjustment for reference station.	No effects were observed
Löschau et al., 2013	Leipzig
	Comparison of PM10 concentrations before and after establishing the LEZ. Separate analysis for summer months. Reference year: 2010.	No changes of PM10 in 2011 6–14% decrease of EC in 2011 at traffic sites.
		In the summer season:
		6–15% decrease of PM10, 14–29% decrease of EC
Lutz, 2013	Berlin
	Estimation of changes in soot emissions for 2012 by comparison to a business-as-usual scenario.	An additional reduction of diesel particle emissions by 63% in 2012.

Figure 1. Hypothetical impact of the LEZs assuming that combustion-related particles comprise 20% of total PM₁₀: a reduction of PM₁₀ by 10% results in a 50% reduction of combustion-related PM fraction.

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Cyrys, J., A. Peters, and H.E. Wichmann. 2009. Umweltzone München—Eine erste Bilanz. Umweltmed. Forsch. Praxis 14:127–32.

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Lutz, M., and A. Rauterberg-Wulff. 2009. Ein Jahr Umweltzone Berlin: Wirkungsuntersuchungen. Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Berlin, Germany.

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Bruckmann, P., and M. Lutz. 2010. Verbessern Umweltzonen die Luftqualität? In Tagungsband zum 12. Technischen Kongress des Verbandes der Automobilindustrie (VDA), 24–25 March 2010, 299–311. Ludwigsburg, Germany: Henrich Druck + Medien GmbH.

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Qadir, R.M., G. Abbaszade, J. Schnelle-Kreis, J.C. Chow, and R. Zimmermann. 2013. Concentrations and source contributions of particulate organic matter before and after implementation of low emission zone in Munich, Germany. Environ. Pollut. 175:158–67. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.002

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Morfeld, P., R. Stern, P. Builtjes, D.A. Groneberg, and M. Spallek. 2013. Einrichtung einer Umweltzone und ihre Wirksamkeit auf die PM10-Feinstaubkonzentration—eine Pilotanalyse am Beispiel München. Zentralbl. Arbeitsmed. 63:104–15.

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