An integrated simulation and optimization approach for managing human health risks of atmospheric pollutants by coal-fired power plants

Figures & data

Figure 1. Framework of the study method.

Figure 2. Flowchart of the solution method.

Figure 3. The modeling domain.

Table 1. Parameters of power plants

	Gaojing power plant (j = 1)	Shijingshan power plant (j = 2)
Exhaust gas and stack
Stack height (m)	120	60
Stack diameter (m)	6	5
Stack base elevation (m)	108	102
Building downwash flag	No	No
Exit temperature (K)	360	316
Exit velocity (m/sec)	18	12
Fuel quality requirement
Volatile matter (% weight)	> 6.5 and < 27	> 9 and < 40
Heat rate (GJ/tonne)	> 26	> 24
Ash content (% weight)	< 20	< 24
Moisture content (% weight)	< 5	< 5.5
Sulfur content (% weight)	< 1.2	< 1.0
Emission reduction measure
For SO2 (k = 1)	LDS	LDS
For NOx (k = 2)	SCR	SCR
For PM10 (k = 3)	EP and FF	CDE and EP
Emission reduction efficiency
For SO2 (k = 1) (%)	95.9	95.7
For NOx (k = 2) (%)	84.3	85.4
For PM10 (k = 3) (%)	98.5	96.0
Emission reduction cost
For SO2 (k = 1) (RMB¥/kg)	1.8	2.1
For NOx (k = 2) (RMB¥/kg)	14.2	15.3
For PM10 (k = 3) (RMB¥/kg)	3.1	2.1

Notes: LDS, lime spray dryer system; SCR, selective catalytic reduction; EP, electrostatic precipitator; CDE, cyclone dust extractor; FF, fabric filter.

Table 2. Parameters of component coals

Name of component coals	Jincheng coal (i = 1)	Shenhua coal (i = 2)	Datong coal (i = 3)	Shenfu coal (i = 4)
Fuel characteristics
Volatile matter (% weight)	6.17	38.9	26.06	6.83
Heat rate (GJ/tonne)	26.88	23.76	28.75	32 .32
Ash content (% weight)	20.16	6.13	14.42	3.96
Moisture content (% weight)	4.62	5.68	2.5	3.1
Sulfur content (% weight)	0.61	0.28	1.35	0.13
Emission factor
SO2 (k = 1) (kg/tonne)	8.46	17.4	5.67	2.7
NOx (k = 2) (kg/tonne)	6.58	9.30	2.96	2.5
PM10 (k = 3) (kg/tonne)	0.87	1.90	0.10	0.08
Others
Coal consumption (kg/kWh)	0.40	0.45	0.37	0.33
Procurement cost (RMB¥/tonne)	700	620	750	840

Table 3. Exposure locations in Haidian district

Exposure locations	Population (× 10^3)	Number of communities	X-direction distance (km)	Y-direction distance (km)	Elevation (m)
L1	17.56	36	12.6	−3.2	61
L2	3.92	16	10.4	−1.9	62
L3	10.91	38	14.0	−1.8	59
L4	11.38	21	16.0	−1.2	54
L5	10.34	35	14.1	0.1	60
L6	12.07	23	15.1	1.5	58
L7	12.43	35	17.5	2.9	57
L8	14.3	39	19.7	2.8	58
L9	17.58	29	16.2	5.6	59
L10	20	33	17.2	4.6	58
L11	10.2	33	14.8	5.0	58
L12	6.64	24	14.9	8.1	48
L13	2.79	9	16.8	8.2	54
L14	1.8	7	13.9	7.0	52
L15	0.87	6	7.4	7.2	69
L16	6.77	28	17.5	11.9	47
L17	12.17	36	18.7	5.5	54
L18	6.6	16	12.0	10.7	54
L19	5.82	30	18.3	11.0	45
L20	10.53	28	10.8	−0.1	60
L21	6.28	14	15.2	11.5	51
L22	1.77	6	11.8	4.7	54
L23	1.29	8	18.4	9.0	44
L24	11.46	18	12.9	2.4	55
L25	3.16	17	3.2	11.5	82
L26	7.31	24	9.3	2.8	57
L27	3.4	26	11.8	13.2	48
L28	3.21	23	1.8	16.1	50
L29	2.18	21	7.3	18.5	44
L30	22	54	15.5	15.8	47

Figure 4. Mean and standard deviation for the ground-level concentration of (a) SO₂, (b) NO_x, and (c) PM₁₀ from Latin hypercube sampling (unit: μg/m³).

Figure 5. Mean and standard deviation of PHQs caused by SO₂, NO_x and PM₁₀.

Figure 6. Training and testing performance of SVRs.

Figure 7. The optimal coal blending scheme for (a) the Gaojing power plant and (b) the Shijingshan power plant.