Vehicle emission implications of drivers’ smart advisory system for traffic operations in work zones

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a) Scenarios LW and LA for a leading vehicle. (b) Scenario FF for a following vehicle.

Table 1. Definition of MOVES operating mode characteristics (EPA, 2011).

Operating mode ID	Operating mode description	Vehicle specific power, VSP (kW/ton)	Vehicle speed, v (km/h)	Vehicle acceleration, a (m/s^2)
0	Braking			(at ≤ –0.9) or (at ≤ –0.4 and at-1 ≤ –0.4 and at-2 ≤ –0.4)
1	Idling		–1.6 ≤ v < 1.6
11	Low speed coasting	VSP < 0	1.6 ≤ v < 40.2
12	Cruise/acceleration	0 ≤ VSP < 3	1.6 ≤ v < 40.2
13	Cruise/acceleration	3 ≤ VSP < 6	1.6 ≤ v < 40.2
14	Cruise/acceleration	6 ≤ VSP < 9	1.6 ≤ v < 40.2
15	Cruise/acceleration	9 ≤ VSP < 12	1.6 ≤ v < 40.2
16	Cruise/acceleration	12 ≤ VSP	1.6 ≤ v < 40.2
21	Moderate speed coasting	VSP < 0	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
22	Cruise/acceleration	0 ≤ VSP < 3	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
23	Cruise/acceleration	3 ≤ VSP < 6	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
24	Cruise/acceleration	6 ≤ VSP < 9	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
25	Cruise/acceleration	9 ≤ VSP < 12	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
27	Cruise/acceleration	12 ≤ VSP < 18	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
28	Cruise/acceleration	18 ≤ VSP < 24	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
29	Cruise/acceleration	24 ≤ VSP < 30	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
30	Cruise/acceleration	30 ≤ VSP	40.2 ≤ v < 80.4
33	Cruise/acceleration	VSP < 6	80.4 ≤ v
35	Cruise/acceleration	6 ≤ VSP < 12	80.4 ≤ v
37	Cruise/acceleration	12 ≤ VSP < 18	80.4 ≤ v
38	Cruise/acceleration	18 ≤ VSP < 24	80.4 ≤ v
39	Cruise/acceleration	24 ≤ VSP < 30	80.4 ≤ v
40	Cruise/acceleration	30 ≤ VSP	80.4 ≤ v

Table 2. Default operating mode bin average emission rates (g/h) in the MOVES model for selected pollutants: passenger cars, gasoline, 5 years old (Frey and Liu, 2013).

OPModeID	CO2	NOx	CO	HC
0	3529	0.23	5.14	0.19
1	3265	0.1	0.89	0.05
11	5134	0.34	17.69	0.13
12	7089	0.52	28.88	0.1
13	9852	1.22	26.62	0.19
14	12449	2.15	38.2	0.26
15	14845	3.81	55.39	0.36
16	17930	7.94	93.47	0.58
21	6985	0.67	23.05	0.2
22	7950	1.09	30.55	0.18
23	9683	1.65	39.28	0.2
24	12423	2.79	57.42	0.38
25	16578	3.91	65.17	0.37
27	21855	6.16	97.87	0.59
28	29459	13.54	239.24	3.84
29	40359	23.78	506.67	6.81
30	50682	31.29	1779.51	11.25
33	9951	1.44	17.31	0.19
35	15956	3.96	29.56	0.27
37	20786	5.54	43.51	0.34
38	27104	11.5	219.28	2.59
39	36102	17.12	231.37	3.76
40	46021	21.56	679.99	4.92

Figure 2. (a) Total emissions recorded in the advance warning area (LW). (b) Total emissions recorded in the activity area (LA). (c) Total emissions recorded in the forward collision warning area (FF).

Table 3. Total emissions estimated in the six scenarios.

Scenario	Total emissions (g/trip)
	CO2		NOx		CO		HC
	Mean	%	Mean	%	Mean	%	Mean	%
LW–D	230	98.58%	0.10	0.04%	3.20	1.37%	0.02	0.01%
LW+D	200	99.44%	0.06	0.03%	1.06	0.53%	0.01	0.00%
LA–D	210	98.69%	0.08	0.04%	2.69	1.26%	0.02	0.01%
LA+D	190	99.41%	0.05	0.03%	1.06	0.55%	0.01	0.01%
FF–D	11	97.88%	4.96E-03	0.04%	0.22	1.96%	1.29E-02	0.11%
FF+D	5.4	99.75%	4.61E-04	0.01%	1.29E-02	0.24%	2.64E-04	0.00%

Table 4. Significant test results for the four studied vehicle emissions.

Area	Emission Index
	CO2		NOx		CO		HC
	t(82)	p Value	t(82)	p Value	t(82)	p Value	t(82)	p Value
LW	4.78	7.71E-06	1.372E+01	6.05E-23	29.68	1.27E-45	–35.05	4.10E-51
LA	0.31	0.756*	3.17	2.18E-03	11.48	9.70E-19	–4.51	2.16E-05
FF	–12.00	1.50E-12	–17.604	2.38E-12	–17.98	4.93E-12	–18.52	3.12E-12

Note: *Insignificant.

Figure 3. (a) Emission rates of CO₂ for scenario LW. (b) Emission rates of NO_x for scenario LW. (c) Emission rates of CO for scenario LW. (d) Emission rates of HC for scenario LW. (e) Emission rates of CO₂ for scenario LA. (f) Emission rates of NO_x for scenario LA. (g) Emission rates of CO for scenario LA. (h) Emission rates of HC for scenario LA.

Figure 4. (a) Emission rates of CO₂ for scenario FF. (b) Emission rates of NO_x for scenario FF. (c) Emission rates of CO for scenario FF. (d) Emission rates of HC for scenario FF.

Figure 5. (a) NO_x–CO₂ diagram for LW. (b) NO_x–CO₂ diagram for LA. (c) NO_x–CO₂ diagram for FF.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. Development of emission rates for light-duty vehicles in the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES2010). Final Report EPA-420-R-11-011. http://www3.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/documents/420r11011.pdf (accessed January 25, 2016).

 Google Scholar

Frey, H.C., and B. Liu. 2013. Development and evaluation of a simplified version of MOVES for coupling with a traffic simulation model. Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers paper 13–1201.

 Google Scholar