Air quality mapping using GIS and economic evaluation of health impact for Mumbai City, India

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area, Mumbai city.

Figure 2. Annual average concentration of SO₂, NO₂, and SPM.

Table 1. Seasonal average concentration and standard deviation in the seasons.

Pollutants	Winter	Premonsoon	Monsoon	Postmonsoon	Std. dev.	Annual
SO2	15.7	9.0	7.5	14.7	3.6	11.7
NO2	52.3	33.1	26.8	51.1	11.1	35.2
SPM	379.3	346.8	191.7	265.9	73.0	260

Figure 3. Comparison of interpolated SO₂ concentration with observed concentration at two locations.

Table 2. Concentration-response coefficients of pollutants for health impact.

Health impact	CR function %	SO2	NO2	PM10
Upper respiratory	Cough	—	0.021	0.007
Upper respiratory	Breathlessness	—	0.028	0.009
Upper respiratory	Wheezing	—	0.02	0.006
Upper respiratory	Cold	—	0.018	0.006
Lower respiratory	Cardiac ailments	0.118	—	—
Lower respiratory	Other chest illness	0.162	—	—
Upper respiratory	Allergic rhinitis	—	0.046	0.014
Upper respiratory	COPD	—	0.023	0.014

Note: From Patankar and Trivedi (2011).

Figure 4. Comparison of interpolated NO₂ concentration with observed concentration at two locations.

Figure 5. Comparison of interpolated SPM concentration with observed concentration at two locations.

Figure 6. Population of Mumbai 2011 census.

Figure 7. Annual average baseline and monitored concentration for pollutants at various locations.

Figure 8. Population exposed by (a) PM₁₀, (b) NO₂, and (c) SO₂ at various locations.

Figure 9. Health cost in millions USD for (a) NO₂ and (b) PM₁₀ at various locations.

Table 3. Total health impact and cost of health impact for the disease and pollutants.

	Health impact			Cost of health impact (USD)
Disease	SO2	NO2	PM10	NO2	PM10
Cough	—	5364728	5061331	38	36
Breathlessness	—	7152971	6507426	360	205
Wheezing	—	5109265	4338284	257	136
Cold	—	4598338	4338284	7	7
Cardiac ailments	8048351	—	—	—	—
Other chest illness	11049431	—	—	—	—
Allergic rhinitis	—	11751309	10122662	102	88
COPD	—	5875654	10122662	2563	4201
Total	19097782	39852265	40490649	3327	4673

Note: USD1 = 63.61 INR.

Figure 10. Contour plot for health cost in millions USD for total cost from NO₂ and PM₁₀ at various locations.

Patankar, A.M., and P.L. Trivedi. 2011. Monetary burden of health impacts of air pollution in Mumbai, India: Implications for public health policy. Public Health 125(3): 157–64. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.11.009

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar