Investigation of the effects of using single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in ozone measurement with passive samplers

Figures & data

Table 1. Absorbents/adsorbents and analysis techniques for ozone pollutant though passive sampling.

Absorbent/Adsorbent	Analysis Technique	Measurement Performance	Reference
1,2-Di-(4-pyridyl)ethylene (DPE)	Colorimetry	Fairly good; interference less than 5.0%	Hauser and Bradley (1966)
10,10-Dimethyl-9,9-biacridylidene (DBA)	Colorimetry	The correlation between this method of ozone determination and UV photometry is 1.01 ± 0.02	Surgi and Hodgeson (1985) Bernard et al. (1999)
Indigo carmine	Reflectance spectroscopy	In comparing O3 measurement by passive sampler and by O3 41 M analyzer, the correlation coefficient for 40 measurements wasr = 0.9	Grosjean et al. (1995)
Sodium nitrite, 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone acetone azine (MBTH), p-acetamidophenol	Ion chromatography	Bias was found between 5% and 55% for single diffusion barriers	Zhou and Smith (1997)
Sodium nitrite	Fluorimetry	r = 0.27, N = 219 r = 0.759, P = 0.0003	Brauer and Brook (1995) Manning et al. (1996)
Sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate, ethylene glycol	Ion chromatography	r = 0.92 r = 0.8551, P = 0.0001	Helaleh et al. (2002) Campos et al. (2010)
Nitric acid, chromic and sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide	Ion chromatography	The coefficient of variation (CV) for these tests is 9.8%	Koutrakis et al. (1993)
Sodium and potassium salts of nitrite and carbonate, glycerol, methanol	Ion chromatography	r = 0.959	Yamada et al. (1999)
Sodium nitrite, potassium carbonate, glycerol	Ion chromatography	r ≤ 0.722	Salem et al. (1999)

Figure 1. Components of the Ogawa passive sampler. 1, diffuser end caps; 2, stainless screen; 3, impregnated filter with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs); 4, body. Modified from Mulik et al. (1991).

Table 2. The technical information of different ion chromatography analyses.

Parameter	Thermo-Dionex DC-5000	Degas-Dionex ICS-110
Measurement dates	4 November 2013 to 3 March 2014	3 March 2014 to 12 May 2014
Analytical column	4 × 250 mm	4 × 250 mm
Postcolumn	4 × 50 mm	4 × 50 mm
Eluent	Na2CO3 (3.2 mmol L^−1) and NaHCO3 (1.0 mmol L^−1) aqueous solution	Na2CO3 (9 mmol L^−1) and NaHCO3 (1.0 mmol L^−1) aqueous solution
Injection volume	40 µL	40 µL
Detection	Dionex conductivity	Dionex conductivity
Software	Chromeleon 6.5	Chromeleon SE

Figure 2. The course from November 2013 to May 2014 of the mean ground-level ozone concentrations as measured with passive samplers with the addition of respectively 0, 5, 10, and 50 mg/L single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the absorption filters.

Figure 3. Comparison per exposure period of the ozone concentration of the passive samplers as measured with the addition of respectively 0, 1, 5, 10, and 50 mg/L single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the absorption filters.

Figure 4. Dendrogram obtained from the hierarchical cluster analysis of similarities between the results of the passive samplers with respectively 0, 1, 5, 10, and 50 mg/L added single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to the absorption filters and the reference ozone monitor (CS).

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