A fuel-based approach for emission factor development for highway paving construction equipment in China

Figures & data

Figure 1. The schematics of a portable emission measurement system.

Table 1. Highway construction equipment selected for the study.

Equipment type	Manufacturer	Equipment model	Engine model	Engine size (L)	Power (kw)	After-treatment*	Emissions standards^d
Single-drum roller (2012)	Xuzhou^a	XS262J	SC8D1902G2	8.3	140	EGR	III
Double-drum roller (2012)	Xuzhou^a	XP301	SC8D180G2B1	8.3	132	EGR, SCR	III
Pneumatic tire roller (2012)	Hummer^b	HD130	BF4M2012C	4.7	98	EGR	III
Paver (2012)	Sichuan^c	MT9000C	6CTA83C215	8.3	160	EGR	III

^aThe Xuzhou Engineering Machinery Corporation of Jiangshu.

^bHummer, Inc., USA.

^cMeishan Construction Equipment, Inc., of Sichuan.

^dThe China National Emissions Standards Stage for Diesel Engines.

*EGR, exhaust gas recirculation; SCR, selective catalytic converter.

Figure 2. Installation of PEMS to the selected equipment for emissions measurements.

Figure 3. The time-resolved modal emissions for a single-drum roller.

Table 2. Modal NO emissions and fuel rate for selected equipment.

		NO emission rate
Equipment	Duty mode	mg/sec	g/kg fuel	Fuel consumption rate (g/sec)
Single-drum roller	Idling	10.2	29.5	0.60
		(9.8–10.7)	(29.4–29.6)	(0.54–0.66)
	Moving	24.2	20.5	2.03
		(24.0–24.3)	(17.4–23.7)	(1.96–2.10)
	Working	50.8	18.0	4.56
		(50.6–51.1)	(17.9–18.2)	(4.56–4.56)
Double-drum roller	Idling	2.6	6.9	0.62
		(2.5–2.6)	(6.2–7.7)	(0.57–0.66)
	Moving	6.7	7.2	1.47
		(6.5–6.9)	(6.9–7.5)	(1.47–1.48)
	Working	10.0	6.0	2.53
		(10.0–10.1)	(5.9–6.0)	(2.53–2.53)
Pneumatic tire roller	Idling	5.8	30.6	0.31
		(5.7–5.8)	(30.5–30.7)	(0.31–0.32)
	Moving	11.4	28.4	0.66
		(11.4–11.4)	(28.1–28.6)	(0.66–0.67)
	Working	32.7	30.8	1.92
		(32.4–33.1)	(30.8–30.9)	(1.89–1.94)
Paver	Idling	25.5	52.7	0.77
		(24.0–27.0)	(49.9–55.5)	(0.77–0.78)
	Moving	25.4	55.6	0.73
		(25.3–25.5)	(55.0–56.3)	(0.70–0.76)
	Working	63.7	24.1	4.12
		(63.7–63.8)	(24.1–24.1)	(4.11–4.12)

Table 3. Modal time distribution for typical highway construction equipment.

Equipment	Duty mode	Activities	Time perc. (%)
Single-drum roller	Idling	Waiting for the paver	3.6
	Moving	Forward	30.2
	Working	Vibration backward	66.3
Double-drum roller	Idling	Waiting for single-drum roller	1.5
	Moving	Forward	20.9
	Working	Vibration Backward	77.6
Pneumatic tire roller	Idling	Waiting for double-drum roller	9.5
	Moving	forward	41.0
	Working	Vibration backward	49.6
Paver	Idling	Waiting for loader	13.0
	Moving	Loader dumping	7.5
	Working	Mixing and paving	79.6

Figure 4. Composite NO emission rates for selected highway construction equipment.

Table 4. Comparisons of fuel-based NO emissions rate by different studies.

Studies	Equipment	g/kg fuel
This study (2015)	Single-drum roller	19.21
	Double-drum roller	6.23
	Pneumatic tire roller	29.84
	Paver	30.22
Fu et al. (2012)	Excavator	31.09
	Wheel loader	83.38
Frey et al. (2010)	Excavator	36.88
	Wheel loader	42.56
Kean et al. (2000)	Construction and mining	46.00
OFFROAD*(CARB, 2007)	Paver	3.65
	Roller	3.83

*Emission rates are converted from the average g/hp-hr using the average brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) given in the OFFROAD2007 model. In addition, the horsepower for diesel-fueled pavers and rollers in OFFROAD2007 is less than 25 hp.

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