Validation of temporal and spatial consistency of facility- and speed-specific vehicle-specific power distributions for emission estimation: A case study in Beijing, China

Figures & data

Table 1. Basic parameters of tested vehicles.

Model	Model year	Displacement	Curb weight	Transmission	Mileage
Sonata	2007	1.6 L	1435 kg	Manual	31,060 km

Figure 1. Facility- and speed-specific VSP distributions of different years (a) on expressway and (b) on non-expressway.

Figure 2. Area division of Beijing roadway network and example of vehicle activity data.

Figure 3. Facility- and speed-specific VSP distributions of different areas (a) on expressway and (b) on non-expressway.

Figure 4. RMSE of VSP distributions between different years, areas, and road types.

Figure 5. Average emission rate and data frequency in each VSP bin.

Figure 6. Relative differences of CO₂ emission factors between different years and between different areas.