Size-segregated particulate matter and its association with respiratory deposition doses among outdoor exercisers in Dhanbad City, India

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map showing the monitoring stations in urban outdoor and within house premise locations in Dhanbad City.

Table 1. Physical characteristics and self-reported respiratory health status of exercisers in Dhanbad.^a

	Urban outdoors		Within house premises
Characteristic	Males	Females	Males	Females
Completed survey (%)	88	72	69	61
Rejected survey (%)	12	28	31	39
Number of exercisers to response (n)	414	293	329	196
Demographic characteristics, mean ± SD (range)
Age (years)	34.8 ± 4.9	31.4 ± 4.6	35.4 ± 4.9^b	33.1 ± 5.0
	(27.4–43.8)	(24.8–41.3)	(25.4–43.5)	(27.4–40.3)
Height (cm)	169.4 ± 2.5	156.1 ± 4.2	168.9 ± 2.0	156.8 ± 6.6
	(165–174)	(150–165)	(167–173)	(146–170)
Weight (kg)	72.5 ± 6.8	53.8 ± 5.2	66.8 ± 8.8	52.2 ± 5.9
	(58.1–82.3)	(45.2–64.3)	(44.2–75.6)	(42.0–64.2)
Body mass index (kg m^−2)	24.5 ± 2.7	22.1 ± 2.69^b	23.3 ± 3.03^b	21.3 ± 2.6
	(20.8–27.7)	(18.8–26.5)	(15.8–26.2)	(16.4–25.3)
Education (years of schooling)	14.3 ± 2.6	13.0 ± 2.6	15 ± 2.9	13.3 ± 2.4
	(10–21)	(10–20)	(12–21)	(10–17)
Nonsmoking (%)	75.3	98.6	74.1	98.8
Respiratory health status, n (%)^#
No symptoms	224 (54.11)	180 (61.43)	213 (64.74)	138 (70.41)
Breathless	21 (5.07)	11 (3.75)	14 (4.26)	5 (2.55)
Cold	38 (9.18)	26 (8.87)	27 (8.21)	15 (7.65)
Cough	26 (6.28)	16 (5.46)	16 (4.86)	9 (4.59)
Cold and cough	36 (8.70)	18 (6.14)	19 (5.78)	11 (5.61)
Cough and breathless	29 (7.00)	19 (6.48)	15 (4.56)	8 (4.08)
Headache	40 (9.66)	23 (7.85)	25 (7.60)	10 (5.10)

^aP < 0.01.

^bP < 0.05.

^#Nonsignificant different in respiratory health status.

Table 2. Summary statistics of peak hours (morning and evening) PM concentrations.

	Concentration (µg m^−3)
	Urban outdoors			Within house premises
Monitoring period	PM10 ± SD (min–max)	PM2.5 ± SD (min–max)	PM1 ± SD (min–max)	PM10 ± SD (min–max)	PM2.5 ± SD (min–max)	PM1 ± SD (min–max)
Winter (7 November 2013 to 23 February 2014)
Morning peak hours (7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.)	717 ± 233	296 ± 58	225 ± 36	289 ± 84	138 ± 37	117 ± 23
	(446–991)	(199–431)	(149–314)	(138–429)	(88–229)	(78–197)
Evening peak hours (4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.)	538 ± 92	196 ± 43	134 ± 35	195 ± 69	97 ± 26	72 ± 74
	(320–797)	(105–308)	(70–186)	(104–391)	(58–150)	(44–112)
Summer (2 April to 22 June 2014)
Morning peak hours (7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.)	290 ± 89	117 ± 42	81 ± 28	85 ± 27	58 ± 11	48 ± 9
	(172–538)	(66–177)	(47–125)	(33–121)	(26–88)	(20–77)
Evening peak hours (4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.)	208 ± 45	74 ± 31	49 ± 22	51 ± 18	32 ± 15	25 ± 15
	(133–456)	(54–135)	(36–91)	(27–89)	(17–81)	(13–71)

Figure 2. The levels of respiratory deposition doses (RDDs) of PM fractions in three regions of the exercisers’ respiratory tracts: head airway (HD), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveoli (AL), (a, b) in urban outdoors and (c, d) within house premises during light exercise (a, c) and in seated position (b, d) during morning and evening peak hours in winter and summer seasons. M/W = morning, winter; E/W = evening, winter; M/S = morning, summer; E/S = evening, summer; Me = male; Fe = female.

Figure 3. Percentage distribution of RDD values in HD, TB, and AL regions for (a) PM₁₀, (b) PM_2.5, and (c) PM₁ during exercise. HD = head airway; TB = tracheobronchial; AL = alveolar.

Table 3. Predicted values of HD, TB, and AL regions for outdoor and within house premise exercisers with respect to PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁.

		HD			TB			AL
PM fraction	Location	Predicted	R^2	SE	Predicted	R^2	SE	Predicted	R^2	SE
PM10	Urban outdoors	5.26	0.65	2.03	0.45	0.59	0.21	0.06	0.78	1.50
	Within house premises	1.87	0.74	0.04	0.17	0.65	0.18	0.004	0.84	0.28
PM2.5	Urban outdoors	1.21	0.64	0.05	1.71	0.74	1.21	1.73	0.65	1.20
	Within house premises	0.58	0.73	0.79	0.81	0.68	0.10	1.38	0.74	0.71
PM1	Urban outdoors	0.49	0.74	0.21	0.87	0.74	0.05	1.46	0.78	0.54
	Within house premises	0.26	0.71	0.24	0.49	0.81	0.04	0.79	0.81	0.35

Note. HD = head airway; TB = tracheobronchial; AL = alveolar.