Insight into monsoon for shaping the air quality of Islamabad, Pakistan: Comparing the magnitude of health risk associated with PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 exposure

Figures & data

Figure 1. Sampling location, National center for Physics Islamabad, Pakistan

Figure 2. Mass concentration, AQI and PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratios in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods

Figure 3. Statistical interactions between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in pre-and post-monsoon periods

Figure 4. Pre-and post-monsoon periods time series of wind roses patterns (a); Meteorological parameters (b)

Figure 5. 48 h back trajectories of from (a) pre-monsoon and

Figure 5. (b) post-monsoon period of 2017 in Islamabad showing low (l), medium (m) and high (h) polluted days

Table 1. Different health-effect endpoints in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season due to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 exposure

Sampling period	Particulate type	All-Cause Mortality	Cardio-vascular diseases	Respiratory diseases	Hospital admission due Chronic bronchitis
Pre-monsoon	PM2.5	1030 (CI: 855–1206)	88 (CI: 73–103)	59 (CI:49–69)	276 (CI:226–327)
	PM10	-	-	-	-
Post-monsoon	PM2.5	986 (CI: 811–986)	84 (CI: 70–99)	57 (CI:47–67)	263 (CI:213–314)
	PM10	742 (CI: 576–981)	64 (CI: 49–115)	43 (CI:33–53)	193 (CI:143–244)

Table 2. Premature mortalities and lifetime risk associated with the mean exposures of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in pre-and post-monsoon

Sampling period	Particulate type	Observed values (mean mass concentration)	Premature mortality (persons)	LTR Mortality in all cases
Pre-monsoon	PM2.5	45.77	176	2.76E-03
	PM10	74.34	71	5.60E-04
Post-monsoon	PM2.5	44.52	171	2.68E-03
	PM10	142.49	136	1.07E-03