Evaluation of atmospheric dust deposition rates and their mineral characterization in copper and iron mining areas, Singhbhum, India

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location map of the study area

Table 1. Dustfall rates (g/m²/month) of Copper and Iron mining area

		Copper mining area (N = 30)				Iron mining area (N = 30)
Sampling Sites	Seasons	Minimum	Maximum	Average	Sampling Sites	Minimum	Maximum	Average
Dalma (Control) ED-1	S	6.75	7.97	7.51	Chaibasa (Control) WD-1	6.56	7.85	7.23
	W	6.85	7.84	7.40		6.13	6.78	6.48
Adityapur ED-2	S	23.71	31.50	28.58	Noamundi WD-2	24.95	26.69	25.71
	W	24.69	27.45	26.37		14.26	25.67	21.19
Ghatsila ED-3	S	21.09	23.48	22.37	Barajamda WD-3	48.96	60.83	55.47
	W	13.47	15.68	14.60		50.35	54.84	52.62
Benasol ED-4	S	25.47	27.76	26.59	Hathigate WD-4	75.82	78.58	76.99
	W	18.95	20.73	19.81		73.15	74.64	73.92
Baharagora ED-5	S	15.21	19.67	17.22	Kiriburu WD-5	16.87	26.85	20.47
	W	10.47	12.94	11.72		17.65	19.44	18.38

Note. S = summer; W = winter.

Figure 2. (a) Dustfall rates of copper mining area. (b) Meteorological parameters of copper mining area

Figure 3. (a) Dustfall rates of Iron mining area. (b)Meteorological parameters of iron mining area

Table 2. Comparison of dust fall rate of Copper and Iron mining area with other cities in the world

Study area	Country	Average Dustfall rate (g/m^2/month)	References
East Singhbhum Summer Winter	India	20.45 15.98	Present study
West Singhnbhum Summer Winter	India	37.17 34.52
Kharagpur	India	13.09	Rani, Sastry, and Dey 2019
Singrauli, 2011	India	37.56	Dubey, Singh, and Singh 2013
Singrauli, 2012	India	41.32	Dubey, Singh, and Singh 2013
East Delhi	India	9.31	Sharma, Singh, and Kulshrestha 2017
Delhi, India	India	2.90	Kumar, Verma, and Kulshrestha 2014
New Delhi	India	2.94	Kumar, Verma, and Kulshrestha 2014
Commercial area, Jharia Coalfield	India	13.85	Rout et al. 2014
Residential area, Jharia Coalfield	India	9.56	Rout et al. 2014
Coal mining area, Bina	India	96.2	Pandey et al. 2008
Chennai City	India	34.00	Sultana, Sakunthala, and Jayaraj 2008
Non- India Studies
Malaysia	Malaysia	3.99	Alahmr et al., 2012
Guagzhou	China	3.73	Zhao et al. 2010
South Island	New Zealand	2.20	Marx and McGowan 2005
Namoi Valley	Australia	2.58	Cattle, McTainsh, and Wagner 2002
Coast Mountain, BC	Canada	0.89	Owens and Slaymaker 1997
French Alp	France	0.17	De Angelis and Gaudichet 1991
Elazig cement plant	Turkey	36.37	Arslan and Boybay 1990
Miami, Florida	USA	0.02	Prospero, Nees, and Uematsu 1987
Northern Nigeria	Africa	13.06	McTainsh and Walker 1982

Table 3. Threshold limit values of dustfall rate (Narayan et al. 1994)

Sl No.	Label	Dust fall rate, D g/m^2/month	Action taken
1	Residential	D < 18	Permissible for residential and light commercial.
2	Industrial	24 < D < 36	Permissible for heavy commercial and industrial.
3	Action	36 < D < 72	Requires investigation and remediation if two sequential months lie in this band or more than three occur in a year.
4	Alert	72 < D	Immediate action and remediation required following the first incidence of dust fall rate being exceeded, incident report to be submitted to relevant authority.

Table 4. Percentage of occurrence of mineralogical compositions of atmospheric dustfall in copper and iron mining area (+ = present, − = absent)

		Dustfall Samples of Copper mining area					Dustfall Samples of Iron mining area
Minerals	Chemical Formula	ED-1	ED-2	ED-3	ED-4	ED-5	WD-1	WD-2	WD-3	WD-4	WD-5
Quartz	SiO2	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Muscovite	KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2	-	+		+	-	−	−	−	−	−
Chlorite	(Mg5Al)(AlSi3)O10(OH)8	-	-	+	-	-	−	−	−	−	−
Calcite	CaCO3	-	-	-	-	-	+	−	−	−	−
Albite (Low)	NaAlSi3O8	-	+	+	+	-	−	−	−	−	−
Dolomite	CaMg(CO3)2	+	-	+	-	-	+	−	−	+	−
Actinolite	Ca2(Mg,Fe^++)5Si8O22(OH)2	-	-	-	-	-	−	−	−	−	−
Oligoclase	(Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8	-	-	-	-	-	−	−	−	−	−
Gypsum	CaSO4⋅2(H2O)	+	-	-	-	-	−	−	−	−	−
Albite	Na Al Si3O8	-	-	-	-	-	−	+	+	+	−
Ilite	(KH3O) (Al, Mg, Fe)2 (Si, Al)4O10[(OH)2, (H2O)]	-	+	-	-	+	−	+	−	−	−
Kaolinite	Al2Si2O5(OH)4	+	+	-	-	-	+	−	−	−	−
K-Feldspar	KAlSi3O8	+		-	-	-	+	−	−	−	−
Pyrite	FeS2	+	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	+	−
Cristobalite	SiO2	+	-	-	-	-	+	−	−	−	+
Chalcopyrite	CuFeS2	-	-	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	+
Biotite	K(Mg,Fe)3 (Al Si3O10) (F, OH)2	-	-	+	+	-	−	−	+	+	−
Hematite	Fe2O3	+	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	+
Ilmenete	FeTiO3	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	−	−	−
Rutile	TiO2	+	+	-	-	-	+	+	−	−	−

Figure 4. (a) XRD of the atmospheric dust sample collected from copper mining area. (b) XRD of the atmospheric dust sample collected from iron mining area

Figure 4. (Continued)

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