Optimization of mixing ratio, shaking speed, contact time, and pH on reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) in leachate treatment

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of green mussel (GM) and zeolite (ZE)

	Concentration (wt. %)
Chemical compound	Green mussel	Zeolite
CaO	98.36	2.88
SiO2	0.44	61.5
Al2O3	0.815	12.26
MgO	0.265	0.64
K2O	0.375	3.90
FeO3	0.315	1.48
TiO2	0.26	0.21
SO3	0.688	0.32
Na2O	0.028	0.29
SO4	0.11	-
P2O5	0.163	0.15
SrO	0.158	0.13
ZrO2	0.046	-
CaCO3	95.6	-
C	-	7.55

Table 2. Performance comparison wit h various other adsorbent

Adsorbent	COD removal	Ammoniacal nitrogen removal	Reference
AC-Cockle Shell	31.98%	27.82%	Daud et al. (2017)
Zeolite-Feldspar	49.0%	45%	Ibrahim et al. (2016)
Green Mussel	45.5%	-	Zukri et al. (2018)
Sugarcane Bagasse Activated Carbon	83.61%	46.65%	Azmi et al. (2016)
Rice Husk Carbon Composite	27.61%,	51.0%	Halim et al. (2011)
Carbon Mineral Composite Adsorbent (Activated coconut shell carbon-green mussel and Zeolite)	72%	67%	Daud et al. (2020b)

Table 3. Simpang Renggam landfill site leachate characteristic

Parameter	Initial Leachate Concentration	*Malaysian Leachate Discharge Standard, mg/L (Malaysia Environmental Quality Act, 1974)
pH	8.27	6.0–9.0
SS (mg/L)	367	50
NH3-N (mg/L)	406.68	5
COD (mg/L)	1829	400
BOD5 (mg/L)	163	20
Color (Pt-Co)	4788	100
BOD5/COD	0.08	-

Notes. *Acceptable condition for discharging leachate as stated in the 2009 Environmental Quality Regulations, second schedule (regulation 13).

Figure 1. Percentage of COD and NH₃-N removal against different ratios of green mussel and zeolite

Figure 2. Percentage of COD and NH₃-N removal against different shaking speeds of green mussel and zeolite

Figure 3. Percentage of COD and NH₃-N removal against different shaking time of green mussel and zeolite

Figure 4. Percentage of COD and NH₃-N removal against different pH of green mussel and zeolite

Figure 5. Isotherm models for COD removal: (a) Langmuir and (b) Freundlich

Figure 6. Isotherm models for NH₃-N removal: (c) Langmuir and (d) Freundlich

Table 4. Isotherm data for COD and ammoniacal nitrogen reduction by adsorbent

	COD	Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Langmuir
R^2	0.9991	0.9867
Q	0.00526 (mg/g)	0.0746 (mg/g)
b	377.36 (L/g)	0.1346 (L/g)
qe	1.98Ce/1 + 377.36Ce	0.01004Ce/1 + 0.1346Ce
Freundlich
R^2	0.9969	0.9836
kf	1.04e + 112Ce^0.6483	8.65 $\times$ 1010 Ce^3.2851
1/n	0.6483	3.2851

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