The occurrence, transformation and control of selenium in coal-fired power plants: Status quo and development

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of studies on removing selenium by membrane treatment

Mechanism	Source	Operating conditions	Removal Eff. (%)	Max Flux($\mathrm{L}/\left({\mathrm{m}}^2\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)$)	Reference
nanofiltration (NF)	Contaminated Ground water	operating pressures were selected in the range of 6–15kgf/cm^2	>98	140	Malhotra, Pal, and Pal (2020)
NF/RO	Contaminated Ground water	Operatingparameters were set at 9 bar and400 L/h. The feed water temperature ranged from 24.2 to 26.9°C.	92.9–93.8	15.5	Richards, Richards, and Schäfer (2011)
NF	Coal-fired powerplantscrubberwater	Temperaturewere conducted in an incubator shaker at 40°C.	97.9	110	Gui et al. (2015)
NF	Synthetic water	Operating parameters were set at 10 barand the concentration is set at 1000 ppm.	97.4	54	He, Tang, and Chung (2016)
NF	Synthetic water	Operating parameters were set at 10 barand the concentration is set at 1000 ppm.	98.6	115	He et al. (2018)

Table 2. Comparison of studies on selenium removal in wetlands

Wetlands	Area ($\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}$)	Principal plant taxa	Total Se in water ($\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$)	Removal Eff. (%)	Se volatilitized ($\mathrm{g}\cdot \mathrm{h}{\mathrm{a}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$)	References
Brawley, CA	3.6	Schoenoplectus spp. Tamarix spp.	3.1	72.2	1.39	Johnson et al. (2009)
Clark County Wetlands Park, NV	53	Scirpus spp. Typha spp. Najas spp. Chara spp.	19.6			Pollard et al. (2007)
Imperial, CA	17.5	Schoenoplectus spp. Tamarix spp.	3.6	46.3	1.25	Johnson et al. (2009)
Pariette, UT	1023	Scirpus spp. Typha spp. Phragmites spp.	3–6(1991) 0.1–1.6(2014)	75.2	$1\times {10}^{-10}$	Jones et al. (2017, 2020)
Tulare Lake, CA	1.14	Juncus spp. Spartina spp. Polypogon spp. Ruppia spp. Typha spp.	19–22	64.7	0.13	Gao et al. (2003), Lin and Terry (2003)

Table 3. Comparison of studies on selenium removal in bioreactor

Bacteria	Origin	Reaction	Se concentration	References
Enterobacter taylorae	The rice straw	Reduces ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_4^{2-}$ following the order: ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_4^{2-}\to {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_3^{2-}\to \mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^0\to \mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^{2-}$	0.006–0.06 $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{L}$	Zahir, Zhang, and Frankenberger (2003)
Alishewanella sp.	The mining soil	Reduces ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_3^{2-}$ to $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^0$ under aerobic conditions.	1.0–5.0 $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{L}$	Xia et al. (2018)
Agrobacterium sp. Duganella sp.	The arable soil	Reduces ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_3^{2-}$ to $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^0$ under aerobic conditions.	0.8–2.9 $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{L}$	Bajaj, Schmidt, and Winter (2012)
Strain DSSe-1	The Dead Sea	Reduce ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_4^{2-}$ to ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_3^{2-}$ and $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^0$ under anaerobic conditions.	9.0–9.5 $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{L}$	Blum et al. (2001)
Vibrio natriegens	The laboratory	Reduces ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_3^{2-}$ to $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^0$ under aerobic conditions.	100 $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{L}$ (tolerate)	Fernandez-Llamosas et al. (2017)
Alcaligenesfaecalis Se03.	The gut of Mono-chamusalternatus	Reduces ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{O}}_3^{2-}$ to $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^0$ under aerobic conditions.	120 $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{L}$ (tolerate)	Wang et al. (2018)

Table 4. Comparison of the adsorption capacity of $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^{4+}$ that of different adsorbents

Adsorbent	Adsorption capacity ($\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^{4+}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g}\cdot {\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$)	Size	pH	Rection time (h)	Reference
Hematite	0.24	0.25 mm	4.0	$<50$	Rovira et al. (2008)
Magnetite	0.25	$<5\mu m$	4.0	30	Martínez et al. (2006)
Iron-coated granular activated carbon	0.39	$0.3-4.0\mu m$	5.0	48	Zhang, Gang, and Lin (2010)
Corundum	0.59	$0.9-2.0\mu m$	6.0	24	Peak (2006)
Ferrihydrite	2.00	$0.5-0.9\mu m$	7.0	24	Das, Jim Hendry, and Essilfie-Dughan (2013)
Fe/Si coprecipitates	8.40	$<0.22\mu m$	5.0	24	Chan et al. (2018)
Al/Si coprecipitates	13.36	$<0.22\mu m$	5.0	24	Chan et al. (2018)
Oedogonium(algal)-based Fe-biochar	36.8	$<75\mu m$		15	Hong et al. (2020)

Table 5. Comparison of the removal capacity of $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^{4+}$ that of different ZVI

Materials	Removal capacity ($\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}^{4+}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{g}\cdot {\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$)	Size	pH	Rection time (h)	Reference
$\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{I}$	0.02	$0.41-0.98\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$	5.9	1	Yiqiang et al. (2005)
$\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{I}+\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}^{2+}$	0.40	$0.83\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$	6.3	3	Tang et al. (2014a)
$\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{I}+\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}^{2+}$	0.40	$<0.2\mu \mathrm{m}$		11	Tang et al. (2014b)
$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}-\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{I}$	138.25	$30-120\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}$	8.0–8.2	48	Olegario et al. (2009)
$\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{I}+\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{O}$	6.52–6.95	$0.15-0.18\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$	7.5	1	Li et al. (2018)
$\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{I}+{\mathrm{H}}_2{O}_2$	6.23–7.00	$0.15-0.18\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$	7.5	1	Li et al. (2018)
$\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{I}+\mathrm{K}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n}{\mathrm{O}}_4$	7.08–7.50	$0.15-0.18\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$	7.5	1	Li et al. (2018)

Figure 1. (a) Consumption trend of energy sources during the period of 1965–2020, and (b) the share of energy sources in world primary energy consumption in 2020.

Figure 2. Occurrence and transformation process of selenium in coal-fired power plants.

Figure 3. Potential–pH diagram of $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}-{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$ system.

Figure 4. Comprehensive evaluation of eight selenium pollution treatment technologies.

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