Students as Co-Creators of Interdisciplinary Tourism Content: A Strategy to Help Prepare Creative, Problem-solving, Research Savvy, and Globally-Competent Hospitality Employees

Figures & data

Table 1. Grading rubric for assessing the level of baseline and final knowledge in relation to the intersection of tourism with various foundational disciplines.

Score	0	1	2	3
Demonstratedlevel of understanding	Claims NO knowledge of intersection or has NO knowledge	Defines the intersection, but no concrete information beyond that, NO examples of general tourist activities	Increased knowledge with mention of examples of general tourist activities, but NO examples of specific attractions/sites, facilities or iconic figures where activities take place	More-detailed explanation of the intersection and activities with at least ONE specific example of an attraction/site, facility, or iconic figure associated with tourism in relation to the discipline in question, especially international

Table 2. Descriptive statistics (mean and median) of combined panelist’s scores for baseline and final assessments for 22 disciplines across three AYs.

	Discipline	Variables	N	Mean	Median
Pair 1	Agriculture	Agro_Base	76	1.10	1
		Agro_Final	76	1.96	2
Pair 2	Archeology	Ruin_Base	76	0.91	0.75
		Ruin_Final	76	1.91	2
Pair 3	Architecture	Arch_Base	76	1.53	1.5
		Arch_Final	76	2.48	3
Pair 3	Art/Art History	Art_Base	76	1.44	1.5
		Art_Final	76	2.41	2.75
Pair 5	Astronomy	Astro_Base	76	0.80	0.5
		Astro_Final	76	2.07	2
Pair 6	Bacteriology/Virology	Bact_Base	76	0.79	0.5
		Bact_Final	76	1.93	2
Pair 7	Computer Science/IT	CompIT_Base	23	0.81	0
		CompIT_Final	23	1.11	1.5
Pair 8	Ecology	Eco_Base	53	0.65	0.5
		Eco_Final	53	1.84	2
Pair 9	Engineering	Eng_Base	46	0.86	1
		Eng_Final	46	1.49	1.5
Pair 10	Geography	Geo_Base	46	1.34	1.5
		Geo_Final	46	2.13	2
Pair 11	History	Hist_Base	76	1.34	1
		Hist_Final	76	2.32	2
Pair 12	Journalism	Journ_Base	46	1.22	1.5
		Journ_Final	46	1.85	2
Pair 13	Literature	Lit_Final	46	0.91	0.5
		Lit_Base	46	2.25	2
Pair 14	Marine Biology	Mbio_Base	76	1.17	1.5
		Mbio_Final	76	2.13	2
Pair 15	Medicine	Med_Base	30	0.80	0.5
		Med_Final	30	2.03	2
Pair 16	Music	Music_Base	76	1.59	1.5
		Music_Final	76	2.43	2
Pair 17	Ornithology	Orni_Base	76	0.45	0
		Orni_Final	76	1.96	2
Pair 18	Paleontology	Palen_Base	46	0.63	0.5
		Palen_Final	46	1.91	2
Pair 19	Psychology	Psych_Base	46	0.98	1
		Psych_Final	46	1.53	2
Pair 20	Religion	Rel_Base	76	1.68	1.5
		Rel_Final	76	2.53	3
Pair 21	Space Science	Space_Base	76	0.78	.25
		Space_Final	76	2.18	2
Pair 22	Volcanology	Vulcan_Base	76	1.07	0.5
		Vulcan_Final	76	2.39	2.5

Table 3. Mean ranks and sum of ranks for pairs of observations for six representative academic disciplines discussed in the results.

	Discipline	Ranks	N	Mean Rank	Sum of Ranks
Pair 1	Agriculture	Negative Ranks	9	37.78	340.00
		Positive Ranks	97	54.96	5331.00
		Ties	46
		Total	152
Pair 3	Architecture	Negative Ranks	10	31.45	314.50
		Positive Ranks	91	53.15	4836.50
		Ties	50
		Total	152
Pair 6	Bacteriology/Virology	Negative Ranks	6	45.00	270.00
		Positive Ranks	110	59.24	6516.00
		Ties	36
		Total	1152
Pair 16	Music	Negative Ranks	8	25.50	204.00
		Positive Ranks	87	50.07	4356.00
		Ties	57
		Total	1152
Pair 17	Ornithology	Negative Ranks	4	14.00	56.00
		Positive Ranks	120	64.12	7694.00
		Ties	28
		Total	152
Pair 18	Paleontology	Negative Ranks	2	16.00	32.00
		Positive Ranks	73	38.60	2818.00
		Ties	17
		Total	92

Table 4. Wilcoxson signed-ranked test Z-score and p value for 22 disciplines across three AYs.

	Discipline	Z score	p value
Pair 1	Agriculture	−8.139	.000
Pair 2	Archeology	−7.785	.000
Pair 3	Architecture	−7.819	.000
Pair 4	Art/Art History	−8.025	.000
Pair 5	Astronomy	−8.973	.000
Pair 6	Bacteriology/Virology	−8.809	.000
Pair 7	Computer Science/IT	−1.681	.093
Pair 8	Ecology	−7.699	.000
Pair 9	Engineering	−4.229	.000
Pair 10	Geography	−6.329	.000
Pair 11	History	−8.807	.000
Pair 12	Journalism	−5.315	.000
Pair 13	Literature	−7.438	.000
Pair 14	Marine Biology	−8.205	.000
Pair 15	Medicine	−5.892	.000
Pair 16	Music	−7.930	.000
Pair 17	Ornithology	−9.885	.000
Pair 18	Paleontology	−7.576	.000
Pair 19	Psychology	−4.395	.000
Pair 20	Religion	−7.291	.000
Pair 21	Space Science	−9.389	.000
Pair 22	Volcanology	−8.976	.000

Figure 1. Word Cloud of agriculture final assessment statements for AY 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 in relation to the intersection of agriculture with tourism; created at Wordle.com.

Figure 2. Word Cloud of architecture final assessment statements by AYs 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 students in relation to the intersection of architecture and tourism; created at Wordle.com.

Figure 3. Word Cloud of Paleontology final assessment statements by AYs 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 students in relation to intersection of paleontology with tourism; created at Wordle.com.

Figure 4. Word Cloud of music final assessment statements by AYs 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 students in relation to the intersection of music with tourism; created at Wordle.com.