Mental Health and Well-Being of Hospitality Students: The Buffering Role of Personal Resources

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research framework.

Table 1. Construct reliability and convergent validity.

Construct and Items	Loading	CA	CR	AVE
Academic Stress (AS)		0.962	0.965	0.608
AS1	0.798
AS2	0.852
AS3	0.821
AS4	0.793
AS5	0.761
AS6	0.789
AS7	0.778
AS8	0.798
AS9	0.824
AS10	0.813
AS11	0.797
AS12	0.811
AS13	0.793
AS14	0.783
AS15	0.732
AS16	0.762
AS17	0.770
AS18	0.764
Hospitality Career Intention (HCI)		0.874	0.914	0.726
HCI1	0.810
HCI2	0.863
HCI3	0.888
HCI4	0.846
Mindfulness (M)		0.963	0.967	0.661
M1	0.756
M2	0.840
M3	0.816
M4	0.799
M5	0.860
M6	0.794
M7	0.733
M8	0.816
M9	0.823
M10	0.879
M11	0.810
M12	0.811
M13	0.859
M14	0.846
M15	0.735
Career Anxiety (CA)		0.911	0.928	0.618
CA1	0.709
CA2	0.805
CA3	0.805
CA4	0.815
CA5	0.830
CA6	0.823
CA7	0.734
CA8	0.762
CA11	0.711
CA13	0.719
CA15	0.731
CA19	0.733
CA21	0.762
CA24	0.741
Well-being (W)		0.899	0.92	0.624
W1	0.769
W2	0.802
W3	0.829
W4	0.813
W5	0.829
W6	0.795
W7	0.734
Resilience (R)		0.838	0.878	0.507
R1	0.710
R2	0.744
R3	0.715
R4	0.770
R5	0.741
R6	0.729
R7	0.719
R8	0.710

Table 2. Discriminant validity.

Constructs	AS	CA	HCI	M	R	W
Fornell-Larcker Criteria
Academic Stress (AS)	0.780
Career Anxiety (CA)	−0.014	0.786
Hospitality Career Intention (HCI)	−0.174	−0.159	0.852
Mindfulness (M)	−0.849	0.091	0.232	0.813
Resilience (R)	0.044	−0.287	0.362	−0.016	0.712
Well-being (W)	−0.248	−0.194	0.492	0.328	0.474	0.790
Heterotrait-Monotrait Criteria
Academic Stress (AS)
Career Anxiety (CA)	0.106
Hospitality Career Intention (HCI)	0.191	0.178
Mindfulness (M)	0.882	0.108	0.251
Resilience (R)	0.198	0.330	0.424	0.193
Well-being (W)	0.270	0.218	0.552	0.352	0.546

Table 3. Summary of Model Fit Q² and R² of Structural Model.

Construct	Coefficient of Determination (R^2)	Adjusted R^2	Q^2
Hospitality career intention	0.254	0.222	0.161
Well-being	0.506	0.485	0.381
Model Fit Criteria	Value
SRMR	0.071

Table 4. PLS-Predict results for out-of-sample predictive relevance.

Indicators	Q2 predict	RMSE		MAE
		PLS-SEM	LM	PLS-SEM	LM
CI1	0.096	1.128	1.217	0.871	0.981
CI2	0.070	0.972	1.141	0.762	0.902
CI3	0.158	0.854	1.021	0.684	0.813
CI4	0.140	0.838	0.998	0.649	0.773
WB1	0.284	0.900	0.953	0.687	0.669
WB2	0.330	0.797	0.783	0.616	0.592
WB3	0.234	0.899	0.902	0.684	0.677
WB4	0.162	0.934	0.902	0.701	0.671
WB5	0.248	0.887	0.975	0.666	0.716
WB6	0.222	0.899	0.959	0.663	0.685
WB7	0.162	1.010	0.904	0.727	0.681

Table 5. Assessment of direct and interactive paths.

Hyp	Paths	Path Coefficient	T Stats	P Value
Direct paths
H1a	Academic stress -> Career intention	−0.197	4.103	0.000
H1b	Academic stress -> Well-being	−0.286	5.234	0.000
H2a	Career anxiety -> Career intention	−0.165	2.840	0.005
H2b	Career anxiety -> Well-being	−0.200	3.328	0.001
Interactive effect
Moderation effect of mindfulness
H3a	Academic stress -> Career intention	0.140	2.565	0.010
H3b	Academic stress -> Well-being	0.232	3.965	0.000
H3c	Career anxiety -> Career intention	0.073	1.449	0.147
H3d	Career anxiety -> Well-being	0.115	2.114	0.035
Moderation effect of resilience
H4a	Academic stress -> Career intention	−0.009	0.136	0.892
H4b	Academic stress -> Well-being	0.129	2.023	0.043
H4c	Career anxiety -> Career intention	0.067	0.948	0.343
H4d	Career anxiety -> Well-being	0.001	0.018	0.985

Table

Factor	Items
Academic Stress	I am confident that I will be a successful student.
	I am confident that I will be successful in my future career.
	I can make academic decisions easily.
	The time allocated to classes and academic work is enough.
	I have enough time to relax after work.
	My teachers are critical of my academic performance.
	I fear failing courses this year.
	I think that my worry about examinations is a weakness of character.
	Teachers have unrealistic expectations of me.
	The size of the curriculum (workload) is excessive.
	I believe that the amount of work assignment is too much.
	I am unable to catch up if I am getting behind my work.
	The unrealistic expectations of my parents stress me out.
	Competition with my peers for grades is quite intense.
	The examination questions are usually difficult.
	Examination time is short to complete the answers.
	Examination times are very stressful to me.
	Even if I pass my exams, I am worried about not getting a job.
Career Intention	I would like to work in the hotel industry after graduation.
	I believe I can advance my career in the hotel industry.
	I would recommend hotel jobs to my friends and relatives.
	It would be a wrong decision to choose hotel as a career path.
Resilience	I feel capable of overcoming my present or any future difficulties and problems I might face such as resolving dilemmas or making difficult decisions
	I have a high capacity for facing adversity
	When there is a great deal of pressure being placed on me, I remain calm
	During stressful circumstances, I never experience anxiety
	When I have made a mistake during a stressful situation, I continue to like myself
	When I need to stand up for myself, I can do it easily
	In really difficult situations, I feel able to respond in positive ways
	I experience peacefulness – free of thoughts and worries, when I need to relax during stressful times
Mindfulness	I remain calm, when I am in a frightening situation
	I could be experiencing some emotion and not be conscious of it until sometime later
	I break or spill things because of carelessness, not paying attention, or thinking of something else
	I find it difficult to stay focused on what’s happening in the present
	I tend to walk quickly to get where I’m going without paying attention to what I experience along the way
	I tend not to notice feelings of physical tension or discomfort until they really grab my attention
	I forget a person’s name almost as soon as I’ve been told it for the first time
	It seems I am ‘‘running on automatic,” without much awareness of what I’m doing
	I rush through activities without being really attentive to them
	I get so focused on the goal I want to achieve that I lose touch with what I’m doing right now to get there

Table

	I do jobs or tasks automatically, without being aware of what I’m doing
	I find myself listening to someone with one ear, doing something else at the same time
	I drive places on “automatic pilot” and then wonder why I went there
	I find myself preoccupied with the future or the past
	I find myself doing things without paying attention
	I snack without being aware that I’m eating.
Career Anxiety	I would not worry about future employment if I had professional certificates.
	I would not worry about future employment if I had excellent foreign language skills.
	I would not worry about future employment if I had interview skills.
	I would not worry about future employment if I had computer skills.
	I would not worry about future employment if I had a second expertise.
	I would not worry about future employment if I had leadership skills.
	I would not worry about future employment if I had the ability to work with other people.
	I would not worry about future employment if I had cadre experiences in class or society
	I would worry about future employment if I was the breadwinner.
	I worry about future employment because my university does not provide assistance for my future employment.
	I worry about future employment because my parents influence my career choice.
	I worry about future employment because the future working environment is not as excellent as expected.
	I worry about future employment because of the increasing unemployment rate reported by the mass media.
	I worry that I cannot apply what I have learned to my work.
Positive emotional well-being	Life gives me pleasure
	Life excites me
	I feel at peace with life
	I get satisfaction from life
	I am content with life
	I appreciate the life I lead
	I completely accept life as it is