The Political Economy of Asian States and Their Development Strategies under USA-China Power Rivalry: Conducting Hedging Strategy on Triangular Relation and Operation

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research structure framework and focus.

Source: made by author.

Figure 2. Modified models of strategic triangle for Asian states.

Source: made by author.

Notes: + vs – or (–) vs (+) is a pair of relationship; yet, +/– and –/+ indicate strategic relation can be changeable and flexible from – to + or from – to +.

Table 1. Hedging governance on multilevel transaction and reflection.

Two-level Strategic Governance: Foreign vs. domestic influences	① Politics vs. Economy (Domestic) ② Development vs. Security (Foreign)
Relative Strategic Governance at the same Strata/Spectrum	③ Military Collaboration vs. Conflict ④ Economic Cooperation vs Competition ⑤ Political Rapprochement vs. Confrontation

Notes: to avoid the extreme choice on 1 or 0, but a spectrum of continuum for relative relation in a scene.

Sources: conducted by author.

Figure 3. Operation of research framework.

Source: made and designed by author.

Figure 4. The best and worst strategy choice under Sino-US power rivalry.

Note: the red line for the Asian state on upper left direction will be choosing bandwagoning strategy and on lower right direction will be choosing resisting/balancing strategy.

Source: made and designed by author.

Table 2. Asian States’ hedging toward USA and China at overall political-economic strategy and tendency.

Asian states	Before 2016		After 2016 to 2022			Hedging tendency
Vietnam	USA	3.0	USA	3.5		USA	3.75
	China	3.75	China	3.25		China	3.25
Thailand ①	USA	3.25	USA	3.50		USA	3.50
	China	3.50	China	3.75		China	4.00
Indonesia	USA	2.50	USA	2.75		USA	2.75
	China	3.00	China	3.50		China	3.00
Singapore	USA	3.75	USA	3.75		USA	3.75
	China	3.25	China	3.75		China	3.5
The Philippines ②	USA	4.0	USA	3.0	3.75	USA	3.75
	China	3.0	China	3.75	3.5	China	3.5
Malaysia ③	USA	3.25	USA	3.5		USA	3.75
	China	3.5	China	3.5		China	3.25
Japan	USA	3.0	USA	3.5		USA	3.5
	China	3.0	China	2.5		China	2.25
India	USA	3.0	USA	3.5		USA	3.5
	China	3.0	China	3.25		China	3.25

Note: Rating scale for scores is 0-5 (light to heavy). ① for Thailand, the scores are for before 2019 and after 2019 to present; ② for the Philippines, the scores are for 2016 ∼ 2022 and 2022∼present; ③ for Malaysia, the scores are for before 2018 and after 2018 to present.

Sources: findings are collecting from all articles in this special issue.