Meet the New Es: Empathy, Engagement, Equity, and Ethics in Public Administration

Figures & data

Table 1. The 3Es.

Economy	Efficiency	Effectiveness
Economy focuses on management of scarce resources (Rosenbloom, 2005). Along with efficiency, economy is one of the first two pillars of administration mentioned by Wilson (Turner, 1956), though arguably not used as often as the other pillars within public administration.	Efficiency focuses on getting the greatest outcome for the fewest resources (Norman-Major, 2011). One of the oldest pillars (Turner, 1956), efficiency is and one of the most researched pillars in public administration.	Effectiveness focuses on how well a person or an agency does its work (Rainey & Steinbauer, 1999), making sure that services match the preferences of citizens (Garcia-Sanchez, Cuadrado-Ballesteros, & Frias-Aceituno, 2013). Long a part of the field of public administration the quest for effectiveness has long been central to the field of public administration (Hammond, 1990).

Table 2. The new pillars.

Empathy	Engagement	Equity	Ethics
To share and understand feelings of the individuals or populations being served.	Direct public engagement; Public administration as a public facing activity.	Focused on fairness and justice within the distribution of services.	The moral code and core guiding professional behavior.

Figure 1. A Framework for social equity.

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