The ADL taxonomy for persons with mental disorders – adaptation and evaluation

Figures & data

Table 1. Task measures and fit statistics from the rasch analysis. The easiest task in each activity first.

Activity/task	Task measure	SE	Infit statistics
			MnSq	z-value
Eating and drinking (n = 123)
Drinking alone	−1.84	0.76	0.94	0.1
Eating and drinking together with others	0.58	0.42	1.07	0.6
Eating alone	1.27	0.42	0.96	−0.4
Orientation and mobility (n = 123)
In known indoor environment*	−4.52	1.02	0.94	0.2
In known outdoor environment	−0.26	0.58	0.94	0.0
In unknown environment	4.79	0.73	0.98	0.2
Dressing (n = 119)
Undress	−3.67	1.07	1.3	0.6
Dress	−2.28	0.68	0.93	0.0
Choose appropriate clothing	0.53	0.44	0.66	−1.5
Change to clean clothing	1.90	0.40	0.72	−1.5
Changing clothes in public spaces	3.51	0.46	1.37	1.8
Going to the toilet (n = 99)
Cleaning oneself after elimination	−1.71	1.13	1.18	0.5
Perform urinary and bowel elimination	−0.76	0.85	0.81	−0.1
Arranging clothes	0.72	0.61	0.87	−0.5
Washing hands	1.76	0.59	1.16	1.2
Personal hygiene (n = 119)
Washing oneself	−1.14	0.57	1.28	1.4
Bathing/shower	0.39	0.58	1.10	0.5
Washing hair	0.75	0.62	0.49	−1.9
Grooming (n = 119)
Shaving/make-up	−0.45	0.38	1.14	0.8
Manicuring	−0.06	0.36	0.71	−1.9
Brushing teeth**	−0.01	0.36	1.43	2.4
Combing one’s hair/fix the hairstyle	0.20	0.37	0.91	−0.5
Pedicuring	0.33	0.37	0.77	−1.6
Reading and writing (n = 120)
Writing signature	−3.50	0.63	0.93	0.0
Writing messages	−0.75	0.34	0.83	−0.8
Reading mail/messages	0.26	0.30	1.02	0.2
Using own notes	0.55	0.30	0.83	−1.2
Reading papers/books	1.11	0.29	1.22	1.7
Filling in forms	2.34	0.31	1.06	0.5
Handling communication aids (n = 121)
Managing computer/tablet	−1.53	0.65	0.65	−0.7
Managing phone/cell phone	−0.64	0.46	0.82	−0.6
Managing TV/radio	−0.41	0.44	0.84	−0.5
Answering phone calls	1.22	0.34	1.28	2.5
Making phone calls	1.36	0.33	1.02	0.2
Interaction with others (n = 123)
Interacting with few people	−3.16	0.40	1.03	0.2
Taking formal contacts	−1.10	0.29	0.98	−0.1
Interacting with many people	0.71	0.29	0.80	−1.4
Ending contacts/relations	0.93	0.31	1.01	0.1
Creating and maintaining intimate relationships	1.62	0.33	1.18	1.1
Handling economy (n = 121)
Withdraw money	−2.91	0.48	1.16	0.6
Paying bills	0.83	0.34	0.68	−2.0
Having control over own economy	2.08	0.38	0.98	0.0
Shopping (n = 120)
Daily or small quantity shopping in neighborhood shop	−3.05	0.53	1.26	0.7
Making plans for shopping	−0.04	0.36	1.04	0.3
Weekly or large quantity shopping	1.44	0.31	0.84	−1.2
Shopping online	1.65	0.33	0.78	−1.6
Cooking (n = 122)
Heating up liquid or prepared food	−2.67	0.46	0.86	−0.5
Preparing a cold meal	−2.10	0.42	0.84	−0.6
Washing the dishes and pick up	2.27	0.34	1.07	0.5
Cooking a hot meal	2.50	0.35	0.89	−0.7
Cleaning (n = 119)
Identifying need for cleaning	−1.24	0.32	0.96	−0.3
Sorting waste	−0.21	0.31	1.09	0.7
Daily light cleaning	−0.11	0.30	0.85	−1.2
Weekly heavy cleaning	0.76	0.31	1.19	1.3
Cleaning out	0.79	0.33	0.85	−0.9
Washing (n = 118)
Washing	1.66	0.65	1.14	0.5
Planning for washing	0.24	0.48	0.79	−1.3
Taking care of clean laundry	1.42	0.47	1.04	0.3
Transportation (n = 122)
Going by car	−3.38	0.55	1.22	0.7
Going by bus/tram/tube	−0.38	0.31	0.82	−1.1
Going by train/boat/aeroplane	0.70	0.29	0.64	−3.3
Riding bicycle/moped	1.41	0.31	1.00	0.0
Driving car/motorcycle	1.64	0.34	1.47	2.9
Managing the day/time (n = 123)
Getting up in time	−0.27	0.30	0.79	−1.8
Doing things in time/being on time	−0.19	0.29	0.88	−1.1
Getting to bed in time	0.11	0.29	0.95	−0.5
Estimating time consumption**	0.35	0.29	1.38	3.3

SE: Standard error; MnSq: Mean square of the residuals.

* All patients scored “can” on the task “In known indoor environment” in the Mobility and orientation activity.

** Misfitting task in the Rasch analysis.

Table 2. Client characteristics (n = 123).

Client characteristic
Age, years
Mean (SD)	36 (13,7)
Range	18–73
Sex	Frequency (%)
Men	68 (55)
Women	55 (45)
Diagnosis
Psychosis	22 (18)
ADHD, ADD, Attention deficit	16 (13)
Depression	13 (11)
ASD, Asperger’s	11 (9)
Anxiety disorder	6 (5)
Bipolar disorder	6 (5)
Eating disorder	6 (5)
Drug abuse with mental illness	6 (5)
Others	21 (16)
Missing/unclassified	16 (13)

SD: standard deviation; ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADD: Attention Deficit Disorder; ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Table 3. Summary of rasch analysis results.

Activities	n	New or modified activity compared to original	Action misfit	PersonMisfit(%)	Principal components analysis Eigen value	TargetingProportion of participants with
						Max score	Min score
Eating and drinking	123	Modified tasks	No	1.6	1.8	75%	3%
Orientation and mobility	123	Modified	No	1.6	0.0	63%	<1%
Dressing	119	Modified tasks	No	2.5	1.8	43%	<1%
Going to the toilet*	99	Modified tasks	No	0	2.1	74%	1%
Personal hygiene	119	No	No	0	1.9	71%	15%
Grooming*	119	No	1 action (brushing teeth)	0	1.7	48%	5%
Reading and writing*	120	Modified	No	2.5	2.0	33%	2%
Handling communication aids	121	Modified	No	0.8	1.6	61%	<1%
Interaction with others	123	New	No	2.4	1.6	20%	5%
Handling economy	121	New	No	4.1	1.5	34%	6%
Shopping	120	Modified tasks	No	3.3	1.7	18%	6%
Cooking	122	Modified tasks	No	4.1	1.5	41%	5%
Cleaning	119	Modified tasks	No	1.0	1.6	19%	22%
Washing	118	Modified tasks	No	1.7	1.7	49%	48%
Transportation*	122	No	1 action (driving car/motorcycle)	3.3	1.8	13%	<1%
Managing the day/time*	123	New	1 action(estimating time)	0	2.4	33%	19%

* The activity does not fulfill all criteria in the Rasch analysis.

Table

ACTIVITIES	ACTIONS*
Eating and drinking Defined as eating and drinking alone, or together with others, with acceptable table manners	(1) Drinking alone  (2) Eating and drinking together with others  (3) Eating alone Observe eventual over or under consumption
Orientation and mobility Defined as goal-directed orientation and mobility from one place to another	(1) In known indoor environment  (2) In known outdoor environment  (3) In unknown environment
Dressing Defined as dressing and undressing, regularly changing to clean clothing, choosing appropriate clothing for the weather and activity, and to manage changing clothes in public places (such as fitting room, gym, bathhouse)	(1) Undress  (2) Dress  (3) Choose appropriate clothing  (4) Change to clean clothing  (5) Changing clothes in public spaces Observe eventual hypersensitivity to materials
Going to the toilet Defined as get to the toilet room in time, performing the necessary elimination, arranging clothes, and performing hygiene afterwards	(1) Cleaning oneself after elimination  (2) Perform urinary and bowel elimination  (3) Arranging clothes  (4) Washing hands
Personal hygiene Defined as regularly washing body and hair, using appropriate amount of soap/shampoo and wiping oneself dry	(1) Washing oneself  (2) Bathing/shower  (3) Washing hair
Grooming Defined as regularly manage and take care of one’s outward appearance, and to use necessary hygiene products (i.e. tooth paste) Manicuring and pedicuring means cutting or filing one’s nails	(1) Shaving/make-up  (2) Manicuring  (3) Brushing teeth  (4) Combing one’s hair/fix a hairstyle  (5) Pedicuring
Reading and writing Defined as reading papers/books, own mail and notes, and writing and using own written material (incl. Internet)	(1) Writing signature  (2) Writing messages  (3) Reading mail/messages  (4) Using own notes  (5) Reading papers/books  (6) Filling in forms
Handling communication aids Defined as communicating through communication aids, absorbing information, managing communication equipment and its software (TV, radio, telephone, mobile phone, computer/tablet) and to make calls (incl. finding actual phone number)	(1) Managing computer/tablet  (2) Managing phone/cell phone  (3) Managing TV/radio  (4) Answering phone calls  (5) Making phone calls
Interaction with others Defined as following social norms with regard to their own and other people’s integrity, to interact with few or many people, to take formal contacts, to create and maintain intimate relationships and when needed end contacts/relationships	(1) Interacting with few people  (2) Taking formal contacts  (3) Interacting with many people  (4) Ending contacts/relationships  (5) Creating and maintaining intimate relationships
Handling economy Defined as planning own economy, withdrawing money, paying bills and having control over own economy (meaning to plan and monitor so that there is enough money)	(1) Withdraw money  (2) Paying bills  (3) Having control over own economy
Shopping Defined as making plans for shopping (i.e. making shopping list), getting to the store, getting the groceries, paying for them and bringing them home, alternatively shopping online	(1) Daily or small quantity shopping in neighborhood shop  (2) Making plans for shopping  (3) Weekly or large quantity shopping  (4) Shopping online
Cooking Defined as planning, getting together utensils, preparation, cooking, laying the table, washing the dishes and tidying after meals	(1) Heating up liquid or prepared food  (2) Preparing a cold meal  (3) Washing the dishes and tidying  (4) Cooking a hot meal
Cleaning Defined as light cleaning (i.e. making the bed, clearing away/tiding up, wiping off, dusting) and heavy cleaning (i.e. vacuuming/washing floors, washing toilet and bathroom, linen change). Cleaning also includes identifying the need for cleaning, clearing out and getting rid of things that are not used, and waste sorting	(1) Identifying need for cleaning  (2) Sorting waste  (3) Daily light cleaning  (4) Weekly heavy cleaning  (5) Clearing out
Washing Defined as making plans for washing (identifying need, booking laundry time, remembering the time), washing up, hanging up, folding, or ironing/mangling and sorting the laundry. Transporting oneself and the laundry to and from the washing place is also included.	(1) Washing  (2) Planning for washing  (3) Taking care of clean laundry
Transportation Defined as getting to and from, in and out, and traveling with public or private transportation.	(1) Going by car  (2) Going by bus/tram/tube  (3) Going by train/boat/aeroplane  (4) Riding bicycle/moped  (5) Driving car/motorcycle
Managing the day/time Defined as planning/structuring the day to be able to perform the daily activities that one wants or expects to do	(1) Getting up in time  (2) Doing things in time/being on time  (3) Getting to bed in time  (4) Estimating time consumption

* The actions are ordered by degree of difficulty with the easiest as number one.