Occupational balance and sleep among women

Figures & data

Table 1. Participants’ demographics and characteristics (n = 157).

	n (%)
Living situation
Alone	28 (18)
Together with someone	129 (82)
Living^a
Apartment	56 (36)
House	99 (64)
Area of residence^b
Sweden	151 (97)
Europa	5 (3)
Number of children in the household
0	47 (30)
1	32 (20)
2	57 (36)
3	18 (12)
4	1 (1)
5	2 (1)
Children aged under 6 years in the household
yes	64 (41)
No	93 (59)
Occupation
Work	135 (86)
Studies	11 (7)
Unemployed	2 (1)
On parental leave/house wife	9 (6)

^a Living: two missing value.

^b Area of residence: one missing value.

Table 2. Results of the Occupational Balance Questionnaire.

Occupational balance items	Total study group (n = 157)
	Median (IQR)
Having sufficient to do during a regular week	1 (1)
Balance between doing things for myself and for others	1 (1)
Time for doing the things I want	1 (1)
Balance between work, home, family, leisure, rest and sleep	1 (1)
Enough time for obligatory occupations	1 (1)
Balance between physical, social, mental and restful occupations	1 (1)
Satisfaction with how time is spent in everyday life	1 (1)
Satisfaction with the number of occupations during a regular week	1 (1)
Balance between obligatory and voluntary occupations	1 (1)
Balance between energy-giving and energy-taking occupations	1 (1)
Satisfaction with the time spent in rest, recovery and sleep	1 (2)
Total scores	12 (9)

Scale 0–3; strongly disagree 0; disagree 1; agree 2; strongly agree 3.

IQR: interquartile range.

Table 3. Description of sleep based on the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire.

	Total study group (n = 157)
Have you had the feeling of the following symptoms/troubles in the last 3 months?	Median (IQR)
a) Difficulty falling asleep	5.0 (1)
b) Difficulty waking up	5.0 (2.5)
c) Repeated awakening with difficulty going back to sleep	5.0 (1)
d) Heavy snoring	6.0 (1.5)
e) Gasping for breath during sleep	6.0 (0)
f) Breathing cessations during sleep	6.0 (0)
g) Nightmares	5.0 (0)
h) Not rested upon awakening	4.0 (3)
i) Awakening too early	4.0 (2)
j) Disturbed/restless sleep	4.0 (2)
k) Involuntary twitches in the legs that interfere with sleep	6.0 (1)
l) Too little sleep (at least two hours too little, per main sleep)	4.0 (2)
m) Feeling exhausted on awakening	4.0 (2)
n) Sleepy during work	4.0 (1)
o) Sleepy during leisure time	4.0 (2)
p) Involuntary sleep periods during work	6.0 (1)
q) Involuntary sleep periods during leisure time	5.0 (1.5)
r) Need to fight sleep to stay awake	5.0 (1)
Total scores Sleep	86.0 (16)
Total scores Sleep quality index (a; c; i; j)	18 (5)
Total scores Difficulties awakening index (b; h; m)	13.0 (5)
Total scores Snoring disorders index (d; e; f)	17.0 (2)
Total scores Sleepiness fatigue Index (n; o; p; q; r)	24.0 (4)

Scale 1–6: always 1; mostly 2; often 3; sometimes 4; rarely 5; never 6.

IQR: interquartile range.

Table 4. Variables included in the simple linear regression analysis.

Independent variables included in the simple regression analysis	Sleep, p-value	Sleep quality, p-value	Difficulties awakening, p-value	Snoring disorders, p-value	Sleepiness fatigue, p-value
Living situation (living alone; living with someone)	0.897	0.946	0.332	0.680	0.353
Children aged under 6 years in the household (yes; no)	0.308	0.265	0.459	0.152	0.965
Age	0.445	0.558	0.125	0.031	0.017
Occupational balance total scores^a	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.110	<0.001
Having sufficient to do during a regular week	<0.001	0.005	0.002	0.420	0.002
Balance between doing things for myself and for others	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.102	<0.001
Time for doing things I want	<0.001	0.006	<0.001	0.475	<0.001
Balance between work, home, family, leisure, rest and sleep	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.108	<0.001
Enough time for obligatory occupations	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.046	<0.001
Balance between physical, social, mental and restful occupations	<0.001	0.001	<0.001	0.029	<0.001
Satisfaction with how time is spent in everyday life	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.274	<0.001
Satisfaction with the number of occupations during a regular week	<0.001	0.001	0.001	0.529	<0.001
Balance between obligatory and voluntary occupations	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.412	<0.001
Balance between energy-giving and energy-taking occupations	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.105	<0.001
Satisfaction with the time spent in rest, recovery and sleep	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.714	<0.001

Significance level < 0.1.

^aNot included in the multiple regression analysis.

Table 5. Associations between occupational balance items and total score for sleep, sleep quality, difficulties awakening, snoring disorders and sleepiness fatigue.

Variables	B	95% CI	p-value
Model: sleep^a
Constant/intercept	71.7	68.8 to 74.8
Satisfaction with the time spent in rest, recovery and sleep	5.30	3.37 to 7.23	<0.001
Enough time for obligatory occupations	2.61	0.39 to 4.83	0.022
Satisfaction with the number of occupations during a regular week	2.98	−0.06 to 4.02	0.057
Model: sleep quality^b
Constant/Intercept	14.25	13.32 to 15.17
Satisfaction with the time spent in rest, recovery and sleep	2.25	1.61 to 2.90	<0.001
Model: difficulties awakening^c
Constant/intercept	9.85	9.04 to 10.67
Satisfaction with the time spent in rest, recovery and sleep	1.30	0.70 to 1.90	<0.001
Balance between physical, social, mental and restful occupations	0.77	0.09 to 1.45	0.027
Model: snoring disorders^d
Constant/intercept	18.26	16.56 to 19.96
Balance between physical, social, mental and restful occupations	−0.53	0.13 to 0.94	0.010
Age	−0.54	−0.10 to −0.01	0.011
Model: sleepiness fatigue^e
Constant/intercept	19.60	18.44 to 20.76
Satisfaction with the time spent in rest, recovery and sleep	1.08	.35 to 1.80	0.004
Satisfaction with the number of occupations during a regular week	0.11	.35 to 1.88	0.005
Enough time for obligatory occupations	0.98	.15 to 1.81	0.021

Significance level < 0.1.

CI: confidence interval.

^a Sleep: adjusted R² = 35%, F-ratio = 28.

^b Sleep quality: adjusted R² = 23%, F-ratio = 47.

^c Difficulties to awakening: adjusted R² = 22%, F-ratio = 23.

^d Snoring disorders: adjusted R² = 6%, F-ratio = 6.

^e Sleepiness fatigue: adjusted R² = 18%, F-ratio = 25.