An interactive digital calendar with mobile phone reminders (RemindMe) for people with cognitive impairment: A pilot randomized controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. CONSORT 2010 Flow Diagram showing the process and number of participants in each step of the recruitment process and assessments.

Table 1. Overview of data collection.

Assessment of:	Measurements:	Baseline	2 months	4 months
Demographic data Computer, mobile phone, calendar use	Patient records Questionnaire	x x
Cognitive ability	Subject-performed task (SPT) Trail making test (TMT)	x x
Occupational performance	Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)	x	x	x
Independence	Functional Independent Measure (FIM)	x	x	x
Health-related quality of life	EQ-5D-VAS	x	x	x
Perception of the psychosocial impact of the support used	Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale (PIADS)		x	x

Table 2. Participant characteristics at baseline N = 15.

	Control group (n = 7)	Intervention group (n = 8)
Age (years)	Mean 66 SD 10	Mean 54 SD 13
Gender
Men	6	6
Female	1	2
Living conditions
Living alone	2	2
Living with someone	5	6
Highest level of education
Primary school	2	1
Secondary school	4	6
Higher than secondary school	1	1
Diagnose
Stroke	2	4
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)	2	2
Parkinson	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis	0	1
Sepsis	0	1
Aneurysm	1	0

Table 3. Description of participants’ use of digital technology and calendar use before and during the study N = 15.

	Control group (n = 7)	Intervention group (n = 8)
Knowledge of computer use
Cannot use a computer	2	0
Can use a computer a little bit	2	3
Can use a computer quite well	2	3
Can use a computer without difficulty	1	2
Internet use
Daily use	4	6
Use a few times a week	1	1
Use a few times a month	1	1
Never use	1	0
Telephone ownership
Mobile telephone	2	0
Smartphone	5	8
Mobile-smartphone use
Daily use	5	8
Use a few times a week	2	0
Use a few times a month	0	0
Never use	0	0
Mobile-/smartphone difficult to use?
Yes	0	3
No	7	5
Calendar use before the study*
Wall calendar	5	3
Pocket calendar	0	1
Smartphone calendar	2	6
Other	2	0
No calendar	1	1
Calendar use baseline – two months follow up
Wall calendar	4	0
Smartphone calendar	3	0
RemindMe	0	8
Calendar use two months – four months
Wall calendar	4	0
Smartphone calendar	3	2
RemindMe	0	6

*Participants could tick more than one option.

Table 4. Self-assessed perception of occupational performance and satisfaction performance with The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM).

Assessment	Participants	Base-lineMdn	Two-months Mdn	Mann-Whitney test 2months	Effect size	Four-month Mdn	Mann-Whitney test 4months	Effect size
COPM performance^a	Intervention n = 8	5.13	6.75	p = 0.463	r = −0.21	8.04	p = 0.006	r = −0.69
	Control n = 7	2.67	7.00			5.00
COPM satisfaction^b	Intervention n = 8	4.00	7.50	p = 0.189	r = −0.34	7.75	p = 0.006	r = −0.67
	Control n = 7	2.67	6.17			3.33

^aCOPM performance: Self-assessed perception of occupational performance with COPM at each time point, score one indicates ‘not able to do’ and score ten indicates ‘able to do it extremely well’.

^bCOPM satisfaction: Self-assessed satisfaction with occupational performance with COPM at each time point, score one indicates ‘not satisfied at all’ and score ten indicates ‘extremely satisfied’.

Table 5. Self-assessed independence with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), subscale, a-m and subscale n-r and self-assessed health-related quality of life with the EQ-5D-VAS at each time point.

Assessment	Participants	Base-Line Mdn	Two-months Mdn	Wilcoxon signed-rank test Baseline-2months	Effect size	Four-month Mdn	Wilcoxon signed-rank test Baseline-4months	Effect size
FIM a-m^a	Intervention n = 8	89.5	89.5	p = 0.236	r =−0.419	90	p = 0.456	r = −0.258
	Control n = 7	88	88	p = 0.581	r = 0.209	89	p = 0.109	r = 0.563
FIM n-r^b	Intervention n = 8	29	31	p = 0.052	r = 0.688	32.5	p = 0.017	r = 0.844
	Control n = 7	30	30	p = 0.832	r = 0.081	32	p = 0.684	r = 0.153
EQ-5D-VAS^c	Intervention n = 8	67.5	71	p = 0.174	r = 0.481	70	p = 0.796	r = 0.067
	Control n = 7	50	55	p = 0.395	r = 0.321	58	p = 0.042	r = 0.525

^aFIM subscale a-m: Self-assessed independence with FIM subscale, a-m, personal care, and mobility, at each time point. A higher score indicates more independence, the max score is 91.

^bFIM subscale n-r: Self-assessed independence with FIM, subscale n-r communication (understanding and expression), and social and intellectual abilities (social interaction, problem-solving, memory), at each time point. A higher score indicates more independence, the max score is 35.

^cEQ-5D-VAS: Self-assessed health-related quality of life with the EQ-5D-VAS at each time point, Score zero indicates ‘the worst health you can imagine’ and score one hundred indicates ‘the best health you can imagine’.

Table 6. Self-assessed perceived psychosocial impact of the support used by the Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale (PIADS), subscales: Competence, Adaptability, Self-esteem at 2 months and, 4 months assessment.

Assessment	Participants	Two months Mdn	Four-month Mdn	Wilcoxon signed-rank test 2 months-4 months	Effect size
PIADS Competence*	Intervention n = 8	0.96	0.96	p = 0.416	r = 0.287
	Control n = 7	0.66	0.83	p = 0.735	r = −0.128
PIADS Adaptability*	Intervention n = 8	0.22	0.46	p = 0.916	r = –0.037
	Control n = 7	0.83	0.50	p = 0.068	r = −0.690
PIADS Self-esteem*	Intervention n = 8	0.82	0.75	p = 0.586	r = −0.192
	Control n = 7	0.50	0.38	p = 0.343	r = −0.358

*Self-assessed perceived psychosocial impact of the support used by the PIADS at each time point. The aspects are divided into three subscales: Competence, Adaptability, and Self-esteem. The score ranges from -3 (negative effect) to 3 (positive effect) and 0 indicates no effect.