Glucose intolerance in intensive care patients: Incidence and outcome

Figures & data

Figure 1. A flowchart of the study population

Table 1. Distribution of known diabetic and non-diabetic patients involved in the study according to the glucose level on admission and the peak glucose level at 48 h of admission

History of DM	Glucose level on admission
	Hypoglycemia	Normoglycemia	Hyperglycemia			Total
			Mild	Moderate	Severe
DM	4 (50%)	26 (31.3%)	23 (41.8%)	9 (75%)	112 (84.8%)	174 (60%)
Non-DM	4 (50%)	57 (68.7%)	32 (58.2%)	3 (25%)	20 (15.2%)	116 (40%)
Pearson Chi-square	Value = 71.429 P-value = 0.000
	Peak glucose level on 48 h of admission
	Induced hyperglycemia	Normoglycemia	Hyperglycemia			Total
			Mild	Moderate	Severe
DM	4 (50%)	7 (21.9%)	9 (27.3%)	6 (27.3%)	148 (57.9%)	174 (60%)
Non-DM	4 (50%)	25 (78.1%)	24 (72.7%)	16 (72.7%)	47 (24.1%)	116 (40%)
Pearson Chi-square	Value = 64.793 P-value = 0.000

Table 2. Kruskal–Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for comparison between different groups of glucose intolerance on admission with age, APACHE II score and days of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay

	Glucose intolerance on admission			n	Median (year)	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
Age (year)	Hypoglycemia			8	65	58	67.75
	Normoglycemia			83	68	58	74		0.549 (normo/moderate)	NS
	Hyperglycemia		Mild	55	67	63	73		0.737 (mild/moderate)	NS
			Moderate	12	68	62	76.5		0.391 (moderate/severe)	NS
			Severe	132	66	60	71.75
Kruskal–Wallis test P								2.35	0.672	NS
				n	Median	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
APACHE II	Hypoglycemia			8	22.5	13.75	26.5
	Normoglycemia			83	18	12	24		0.376 (normo/moderate)	NS
	Hyperglycemia	Mild		55	15	12	23		0.152 (mild/moderate)	NS
		Moderate		12	22.5	11.75	30		0.162 (moderate/severe)	NS
		Severe		132	17	10	23
Kruskal–Wallis test P								4.83	0.305	NS
				n	Median	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank -sum P-value	Sig.
Day on MV	Hypoglycemia			8	0.5	0	2.125
	Normoglycemia			83	0	0	1		0.019 (normo/moderate)	S
	Hyperglycemia	Mild		55	0	0	0		0.003 (mild/moderate)	HS
		Moderate		12	2	0	3.9375		0.016 (moderate/severe)	S
		Severe		132	0	0	1
Kruskal–Wallis Test P								9.29	0.054	NS
				n	Median	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
ICU days	Hypoglycemia			8	4.5	1.8125	5.375
	Normoglycemia			83	4	2.25	6.5		0.736 (normo/moderate)	NS
	Hyperglycemia	Mild		55	4.25	2	6.25		0.743 (mild/moderate)	NS
		Moderate		12	4.25	2.1875	6.9375		0.962 (moderate/severe)	NS
		Severe		132	4.25	2.3125	6.75
Kruskal–Wallis test P								0.485	0.975	NS

Table 3. Kruskal–Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for comparison between different groups of glucose intolerance on peak glucose level during 48 h of admission with age, APACHE II score, days of mechanical ventilation, days of ICU stay, days on steroid, and days on circulatory support

	Glucose intolerance on 48 h					n	Median (year)	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
Age (year)	Induced hyperglycemia					8	65	58	67.75
	Normoglycemia					32	69.5	55.75	74.75		0.812 (normo/moderate)	NS
	Hyperglycemia				Mild	33	68	57	72.5		0.711 (normo/severe)	NS
					Moderate	22	66	58	73.5
					Severe	195	66	61	72
Kruskal–Wallis test P										1.096	0.895	NS
						n	Median	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
APACHE II	Induced hyperglycemia					8	22.5	13.75	26.5
	Normoglycemia					32	18	11	22		0.124 (normo/moderate)	NS
	Hyperglycemia			Mild		33	16	11.5	26		0.999 (normo/severe)	NS
				Moderate		22	21	13	28.5
				Severe		195	17	11	23
Kruskal– Wallis test P										3.858	0.426	NS
						N	Median	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
Day on MV	Induced hyperglycemia					8	0.5	0	2.125
	Normoglycemia					32	0	0	1		0.088 (normo/moderate)	NS
	Hyperglycemia			Mild		33	0	0	1		0.358 (normo/severe)	NS
				Moderate		22	0	0	4.4375
				Severe		195	0	0	1.25
Kruskal–Wallis test P										3.422	0.49	NS
						N	Median	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
ICU days	Induced hyperglycemia					8	4.5	1.8125	5.375
	Normoglycemia					32	3	1.5625	5.25		0.039 (normo/moderate)	S
	Hyperglycemia			Mild		33	3.5	1.375	7.75		0.012 (normo/severe)	S
				Moderate		22	4.75	2.5	7.875
				Severe		195	4.25	2.5	6.75
Kruskal–Wallis test P										7.238	0.124	NS
						N	Median	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
Days on steroid	Induced hyperglycemia					8	0	0	0
	Normoglycemia					32	0	0	0		0.298 (normo/moderate)	NS
	Hyperglycemia	Mild				33	0	0	0		0.233 (normo/severe)	NS
		Moderate				22	0	0	0
		Severe				195	0	0	0
Kruskal–Wallis test P										1.996	0.736	NS
						N	Median	25 Perc	75 Perc	H	Wilcoxon rank-sum P-value	Sig.
Days on circulatory support	Induced hyperglycemia					8	0	0	0.75
	Normoglycemia					32	0	0	1		0.129 (normo/moderate)	NS
	Hyperglycemia		Mild			33	0	0	1		0.916 (normo/severe)	NS
			Moderate			22	0	0	5
			Severe			195	0	0	1
Kruskal–Wallis test P										4.568	0.335	NS

Table 4. Distribution of patients involved in the study according to the peak of glucose level at 48 h of admission concerning the type of feeding

Type of feeding	Peak glucose level on 48 h of admission
	Induced hyperglycemia	Normoglycemia	Hyperglycemia			Total
			Mild	Moderate	Severe
Nothing per oral (NPO)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (4.5%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.3%)
Oral	4 (50%)	17 (53.1%)	25 (75.8%)	13 (59.1%)	128 (65.6%)	187 (64.5%)
Parenteral	1 (12.5%)	5 (15.6%)	3 (9.1%)	1 (4.5%)	33 (16.9%)	43 (14.8%)
Parenteral and Ryle	1 (12.5%)	8 (25%)	2 (6.1%)	6 (27.3%)	29 (14.9%)	46 (15.9%)
Ryle	2 (25%)	2 (6.3%)	3 (9.1%)	1 (4.5%)	5 (2.6%)	13 (4.5%)
Pearson Chi-square	Value = 33.361 P-value = 0.007

Table 5. The relation between the patients’ mortality and the glucose level on admission and the peak of glucose level at 48 h of admission

Fate	Glucose level on admission
	Hypoglycemia	Normoglycemia	Hyperglycemia			Total
			Mild	Moderate	Severe
Positive mortality	4 (50%)	34 (41%)	18 (32.7%)	8 (66.7%)	50 (37.9%)	114 (39.3%)
Ward transferral	4 (50%)	49 (59%)	37 (67.3%)	4 (33.3%)	82 (62.1%)	176 (60.7%)
Pearson Chi-square	Value = 5.355 P-value = 0.253
	Peak glucose level on 48 h of admission
	Induced hyperglycemia	Normoglycemia	Hyperglycemia			Total
			Mild	Moderate	Severe
Positive mortality	4 (50%)	12 (37.5%)	14 (42.4%)	12 (54.5%)	72 (36.9%)	114 (39.3%)
Ward transferral	4 (50%)	20 (62.5%)	19 (57.6%)	10 (45.5%)	123 (63.1%)	176 (60.7%)
Pearson Chi-square	Value = 3.167 P-value = 0.530