Efficacy and Safety of Lidocaine Patch 5% Supplementation to Intra-articular Bupivacaine Dexmedetomidine after Knee Arthroscopy under General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Study

Figures & data

Table 1. Patient characteristics of both groups

		Group A(n = 20)	Group B(n = 20)	P value
Age (years)		40.6 ± 9.06	36.5 ± 7.93	0.141
Sex	Male	17 (85%)	13 (65%)	0.273
	Female	3 (15%)	7 (35%)
Weight (kg)		78.7 ± 9.2	81.3 ± 8.25	0.353
ASA physical status	I	16 (80%)	13 (65%)	0.480
	II	4 (20%)	7 (35%)
Type of the operation	Cruciate ligament reconstruction	10 (50%)	12 (60%)	0.525
	Meniscal repair	10 (50%)	8 (40%)
Duration of operation (min)		69.5 ± 7.13	71.25 ± 8.23	0.477

Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentage). ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists

Figure 1. CONSORT flow diagram of both groups

Table 2. Comparison of outcomes in both groups

		Group A (n = 20)	Group B (n = 20)	P value
Postoperative pethidine consumption in the first 24 h (mg)		60 (40–60)	40 (15–40)	<0.001
Time to first request of analgesia (h)		397.0 ± 35.63	1064.0 ± 76.19	<0.001
Number of patients discharged at 24 hours		9 (45%)	17 (85%)	0.019
Postoperative adverse effects	PONV	4 (20%)	3 (15%)	1
	Edema	2 (10%)	3 (15%)	1
	Erythema	3 (15%)	4 (20%)	1
	Sedation	5 (25%)	3 (15%)	0.695

Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or number (and percentage). PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting

Table 3. Postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) in both groups

Time	Group A (n = 20)	Group B (n = 20)	P value
PACU	0 (0–1)	1 (0–1)	0.140
1 h	1 (0.75–1)	1 (0–2)	0.602
2 h	1.5 (1–2)	1 (0–2)	0.176
4 h	2 (1–2)	1 (0–2)	0.071
6 h	3.5 (2–5)	1 (0–2)	<0.001
8 h	3.5 (3–5)	1.5 (1–2)	<0.001
12 h	3.5 (2.75–5)	1 (0.75–2)	<0.001
18 h	3.5 (2–5)	4 (2.75–4)	0.889
24 h	4.5 (2.75–6)	4 (3–4)	0.204

Data are presented as median (IQR; interquartile range), PACU: Post-anesthesia care unit

Figure 2. Postoperative heart rate changes in both groups

Figure 3. Postoperative mean arterial blood pressure changes in both groups

Figure 4. Postoperative serum lidocaine levels in group B

Figure 5. Correlation between postoperative serum lidocaine levels in group band visual analogue scale (VAS)