Optimal dosing of preoperative gabapentin for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after abdominal laparoscopic surgery: A randomized prospective comparative study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study flow diagram

Table 1. Demographic profile of study patients

	Group G300		Group G600		Group G900		P-value
Age (years) Mean± SD	41.0 ± 6.25		40.4 ± 5.9		43.0 ± 6.53		0.365
Weight (kgs) Mean± SD	81.3 ± 9.9		86.7 ± 6.48		84.5 ± 7.89		0.15
Gender Male Female	12 38	24.0 76.0	11 39	22.0 78.0	13 37	26.0 74.0	0.412
Duration of surgery (min) Mean± SD	52.5 ± 4.2		58.3 ± 7.7		61.7 ± 8.7		0.125
Duration of anesthesia (min) Mean ± SD	68.6 ± 9.3		72.6 ± 7.5		78.7 ± 7.13		0.098
Smoking history	15	30.0	18	36.0	17	34.0	0.241
ASA Score I II	32 18	64.0 36.0	26 24	52.0 48.0	30 20	60.0 40.0	0.369
Co2 Insufflation time (min.) Mean± SD	40.2 ± 8.17		41.8 ± 8.14		39.8 ± 7.54		0.214

Values are presented as mean±SD or number and percent, SD = standard deviation, min. = minutes, the p-value is significant if <0.05.

Table 2. Types of laparoscopic surgical procedures

	G300		G600		G900		p-Value
	No	%	No	%	No	%
Cholecystectomy	18	36.0	20	40.0	20	40.0	0.3652
Appendectomy	6	12.0	8	16.0	6	12.0
Hernia repair	5	10.0	4	8.0	6	12.0
Varicocelectomy	5	10.0	4	8.0	4	8.0
Gynecological procedures	16	32.0	14	28.0	14	28.0

Values are presented as number and percent, P-value is significant if <0.05.

Table 3. Incidence of PONV and severity of nausea at certain time points in G300

	Incidence		Severity
			Mild		Moderate		Severe
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%
Total	8/50	16.0	2	25.0	3	37.5	3	37.5
At 4 h	4	8.0	0	0.0	2	50.0	2	50.0
At 12 h	2	4.0	1	50.0	0	0.0	1	50.0
At 24 h	2	4.0	1	50.0	1	50.0	0	0.0

Values are presented as number and percent.

Table 4. Incidence of PONV and severity of nausea at certain time points in G600

	Incidence		Nausea severity
			Mild		Moderate		Severe
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%
Total	4/50	8.0	2	50.0	1	25.0	1	25.0
At 4 h	2	4.0	1	50.0	1	50.0	0	0.0
At 12 h	2	4.0	1	50.0	1	50.0	0	0.0
At 24 h	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0

Values are presented as number and percent.

Table 5. Incidence of PONV and severity of nausea at certain time points in G900

	Incidence		Nausea severity
			Mild		Moderate		Severe
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%
Total	3/50	6.0	2	66.7	1	33.3	0	0.0
At 4 h	2	66.7	2	100	0	0	0	0.0
At 12 h	1	33.3	0	0	1	100	0	0.0
At 24 h	0	0.0	0	0	0	0.0	0	0.0

Table 6. Total incidence of PONV and severity in the first 24 hours among the three study groups

Total incidence of PONV in first 24 hours after surgery	No of PONV attacks		Total severity of PONV						P1	P2	P3
			Mild		Moderate		Severe
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%
Group G300	8	16%	2	25	3	37.5	3	37.5	0.013*	0.005*	0.231
Group G600	4	8%	2	50.0	1	25.0	1	25.0
Group G900	3	6%	2	66.7	1	33.3	0	0.0

Values are presented as number and percent, P1 comparison between G300 and G600, P2 comparison between G300 and G900, P3 comparison between G600 and G900. (P-value is significant if <0.05).

Table 7. Antiemetic requirement for the study patients in the first 24 hours among the three study groups

Antiemetic requirement	Group G300		Group G600		Group G900		P1	P2	P3
	No	%	No	%	No	%
No of patients received antiemetics	6	12.0	3	6.0	2	4.0	0.023*	0.011*	0.143
Total dose of granisetron given (mg) Mean±SD	2.1 ± 0.833		1.49 ± 0.505		0.88 ± 0.328		0.025*	0.01*	0.031*

Values are presented as number and percent or mean±SD, P1 comparison between G300 and G600, P2 comparison between G300 and G900, P3 comparison between G600 and G900. (P-value is significant if <0.05).

Table 8. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain in different time periods among the three study groups in the first 24 hours (mean±SD)

	Group G300	Group G600	Group G900	P1	P2	P3
Immediate postoperative mean±SD	3.0 ± 0.83	3.5 ± 1.21	3.5 ± 1.12	0.528	0.468	0.446
4 hr mean±SD	3.5 ± 0.44	2.8 ± 1.09	2.8 ± 1.04	0.019*	0.021*	0.569
8 hr mean±SD	6.0 ± 0.77	4.4 ± 0.61	4.4 ± 0.73	0.021*	0.022*	0.711
12 hr mean±SD	3.5 ± 0.5	3.4 ± 0.79	2.9 ± 0.83	0.412	0.096	0.087
24 hr mean±SD	2.1 ± 0.82	2.1 ± 0.81	2.1 ± 0.79	0.698	0.712	0.58

Values are presented as mean±SD, P1 comparison between G300 and G600, P2 comparison between G300 and G900, P3 comparison between G600 and G900.

(P-value is significant if <0.05).

Table 9. Time passed till need rescue analgesia (Nalbuphine) in minutes and its total dose (mg) needed in the first 24 hours

	Group G300	Group G600	Group G900	P1	P2	P3
First time to receive rescue analgesia (min) mean±SD	154.6 ± 33.09	218.9 ± 45.5	239.5 ± 30.45	0.001*	0.001*	0.124
Total analgesic dose of nalbuphine needed(mg) mean±SD	12.2 ± 2.40	7.6 ± 2.52	6.8 ± 2.42	0.001*	0.001*	0.341

Values are presented as mean±SD, P1 comparison between G300 and G600, P2 comparison between G300 and G900, P3 comparison between G600 and G900.

(P-value is significant if <0.05).

Table 10. Incidence of side effects in the first 24 hours among the three study groups

Side effects	Group G1		Group G2		Group G3		P1	P2	P3
	No	%	No	%	No	%
Sedation/somnolence	5	10.0	8	16.0	12	24.0	0.043*	0.01*	0.041
Dry mouth	4	8.0	5	10.0	10	20.0	0.103	0.01*	0.006*
Sore Throat	9	18.0	11	22.0	12	24.0	0.071	0.064	0.365
Headache	0	0.0	1	2.0	2	4.0	0.236	0.152	0.211

Values are presented as number and percent, P1 comparison between G300 and G600, P2 comparison between G300 and G900, P3 comparison between G600 and G900.

(P-value is significant if <0.05).