Effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on shoulder tip pain during laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy under spinal anaesthesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram

Table 1. Demographic and surgical data

	Group C (n = 30)	Group D (n = 30)	P. value
Age (years)	27.4 ± 6.27	29.67 ± 5.47	0.141
weight (kg)	74.9 ± 8.81	74 ± 6.95	0.662
Height (cm)	166.63 ± 3.34	167.03 ± 3.78	0.666
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.93 ± 2.58	26.5 ± 1.99	0.472
Duration of surgery (minutes)	29.97 ± 1.81	30.63 ± 2.14	0.198
Intra-abdominal pressure (mmHg)	13.4 ± 0.5	13.37 ± 0.49	0.795

Values were expressed as mean ± SD. Insignificant value ˃ 0.05. Group C: Control group. Group D: Dexmedetomidine group.

Figure 2. HR in the study group. Group C is control group, Group D is dexmedetomidine group

Table 2. Block characteristics

	Group C (n = 30)	Group D (n = 30)	P. value
Sensory T6 (min)	9.53 ± 1.8	7.53 ± 1.72	<0.001*
Bromage III (min)	8.2 ± 1.69	6.93 ± 1.36	0.002*
Sensory regression to S1 (min)	239 ± 21.55	461 ± 29.98	<0.001*
motor to Bromage I (min)	141 ± 19.54	347.33 ± 31.29	<0.001*
Sensory to S1 (min)	239 ± 21.55	461 ± 29.98	<0.001*
Motor to Bromage 0 (min)	141 ± 19.54	347.33 ± 31.29	<0.001*

Values were expressed as mean ± SD. * Significant value<0.05. Group C: Control group. Group D: Dexmedetomidine group.

Table 3. Intraoperative clinical data (30 min after block)

	Group C (n = 30)	Group D (n = 30)	P. value
HR (b/m)	87.48 ± 7.41	68.9 ± 7.66	<0.001*
SBP (mmHg)	121.23 ± 6.26	116.4 ± 4.82	<0.001*
DBP (mmHg)	73.43 ± 7.33	68.2 ± 5.47	0.003*
MBP (mmHg)	88.67 ± 6.06	83.87 ± 4.49	<0.001*
SaO^2 (%)	98.43 ± 2.94	97.5 ± 1.73	0.141
ETCO2 (mmHg)	36.13 ± 1.04	35.73 ± 0.98	0.131
Sedation score	0 (0–0)	2 (0–4)	0.005*

Values were expressed as mean ± SD or median (minimum-maximum). * Significant value<0.05. Group C: Control group. Group D: Dexmedetomidine group.

Figure 3. MAP in the study group. Group C is control group, Group D is dexmedetomidine group

Figure 4. Incidence of shoulder pain in the study group. Group C is control group, Group D is dexmedetomidine group

Table 4. Intraoperative and postoperative shoulder pain

	Group C n = 30	Group D n = 30	P Value	Reduction
Intraoperative STP
N(%)	24 (80%)	5 (16.7%)	0.001**
VAS Range Median	1.80 ± 1.21 (0–4) 2	0.37 ± 0.9 (0–3) 0	0.001**	79%
no. of patients converted to GA	2 (6.7%)	0 (0.0%)
Total fentanyle consumption Mean amount of consumed fentanyle	875 µg 29 ± 34.8	150 µg 5 ± 15.3	0.003** <0.001	83%
Postoperative shoulder pain
N(%)	6 (20%)	0 (0.0%)		20%
VAS Range Median	0.3 ± 0.65 0–3.0 0	0 (0–0) 0 ± 0 0		0.01 *

Mann–Whitney U test Values were expressed as mean ± SD, Number (N), Percent (%),range (minimum-maximum). * Significant value < 0.05. VAS; Visual analogue score. Group C: Control group. Group D: Dexmedetomidine group.