Does esmolol infusion have an adjuvant effect on transversus abdominis plane block for pain control in laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A randomized controlled double-blind trial

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of demographic and baseline characteristics of patients

Variables		Group E		Group T		p-value
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (Years)		32.66	10	31.67	10.7	0.71
BMI (kg/m^2)		25.9	4.51	25.57	3.55	0.75
Duration of surgery (min)		28.07	5.39	27.13	5.82	0.52
		Number	%	Number	%	P-value%
Sex	Female	25	83.3%	26	86.7%	0.72
	Male	5	16.7%	4	13.3%
ASA	I	19	63.3%	21	70%	0.58
	II	11	36.7%	9	30%

Table 2. Comparison between both groups as regard visual analogue scale at rest during 24 hours postoperative

Postoperative visual analogue scale	Group E		Group T		p-value
	mean	SD	mean	SD
On arrival to PACU	0.8	1.19	0.67	1.24	0.672
one hour	0.63	0.61	1.17	1.23	0.038
Two hours	1.3	0.84	1.86	1.04	0.023
6 hours	1.93	1.23	2.53	1.33	0.075
12 hours	2.6	1.54	2.7	1.34	0.790
24 hours	2.53	1.36	2.97	1.29	0.212

Table 3. Comparison between both groups as regard visual analogue scale on movement during 24 hours postoperative

Postoperative visual analogue scale	Group E		Group T		p-value
	mean	SD	mean	SD
On arrival to PACU	0.87	1.01	0.83	1.26	0.910
One hour	0.97	0.85	1.7	1.64	0.034
Two hours	1.67	0.92	2.03	0.67	0.083
6 hours	2.63	1.38	3	1.26	0.286
12 hours	3.07	1.53	3.23	1.41	0.662
2 4 hours	3.03	1.47	3.33	1.49	0.437

Table 4. Comparison between both groups regarding total pain rescue-analgesia consumption during 24 hours (mg/24 h) and time of first dose

	Group E		Group T		P value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Time of first rescue dose	12.91	6.16	9.13	6.69	0.148
Total-analgesia consumption (mg morphine/24 h)	5.83	2.87	7.5	3.65	0.204

Table 5. Comparison between both groups regarding Intraoperative and postoperative heart rate values (Beats/min)

HR (bpm)	Group E		Group T		p-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Basal HR	85.9	4.16	84.9	4.82	0.392
At induction	80.3	3.79	83.5	3.47	0.001
At intubation	79.5	2.78	81.93	2.72	0.001
15 minutes	79.17	2.99	81.6	2.93	0.0024
30 minutes	78.63	3.08	81.27	3.36	0.0025
ON arrival to PACU	80.13	3.48	80.67	3.77	0.571
1 h postoperative	80.53	3.78	80.4	3.20	0.883
2 h postoperative	79.87	3.40	80.13	3.45	0.764
4 h postoperative	80.13	3.23	80.3	3.79	0.885
6 h postoperative	84.8	3.78	84.57	4.42	0.827

Table 6. Comparison between both groups regarding intraoperative and postoperative mean arterial blood pressure values (mm Hg)

MAP (mm Hg)	Group E		Group T		p-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Basal MAP	93.9	3.82	93.6	3.92	0.765
At induction	90.67	3.03	93.6	3.92	0.002
At intubation	90.77	2.96	93	3.53	0.010
15 minutes	90.53	2.13	92.23	3.40	0.023
30 minutes	90.43	1.99	91.1	2.31	0.236
ON arrival to PACU	89.83	2.09	90.7	2.29	0.131
1 h postoperative	90.13	1.66	90.33	2.28	0.698
2 h postoperative	90	1.74	91	2.51	0.077
4 h postoperative	90.2	2.20	90.27	2.66	0.916
6 h postoperative	90.3	1.88	90.33	2.28	0.951

Figure 1. CONSORT flow chart in the two studied groups

Figure 2. Postoperative pain scores at rest during various time points

Figure 3. Postoperative pain scores with movements during various time points

Table 7. Comparison between both groups as regards postoperative nausea and vomiting and patient satisfaction

	Group E		Group T		p-value
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
PONV	0.067	0.25	0.23	0.43	0.072
Patient’s satisfaction	4.2	0.62	4	0.59	0.201