Neostigmine and ketorolac as adjuvants to local anesthetic through peribulbar block in patients undergoing vitrectomy surgeries: A randomized controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. The trial flow diagram.

Table 1. Age, onset, duration of anesthesia and akinesia, and time to the first analgesic demand (total n = 50).

	Groups		Independent samples T-test
	C (N = 25)	NK (N = 25)	t	p-value
Age (years)	60.2 ± 8.1 (39.0–72.0)	49.9 ± 13.2 (29.0–77.0)	3.325	0.002*
Onset of Anesthesia (second)	40.0 ± 8.2 (25.0–50.0)	23.0 ± 5.6 (15.0–30.0)	8.590	<0.001*
The onset of Akinesia (second)	87.4 ± 12.7 (65.0–110.0)	66.6 ± 10.8 (45.0–80.0)	6.252	<0.001*
Duration of Anesthesia (minutes)	86.8 ± 12.5 (70.0–110.0)	105.6 ± 14.2 (80.0–130.0)	4.977	<0.001*
Duration of akinesia (minutes)	101.6 ± 11.8 (80.0–120.0)	133.6 ± 15.0 (100.0–150.0)	8.398	<0.001*
Time to first analgesic dose (hours)	2.9 ± 0.7 (2.0–4.0)	4.9 ± 0.9 (3.0–6.0)	8.424	<0.001*

C: control group; NK: neostigmine & ketorolac group; Independent samples T-test; * significant at p < 0.05.

Table 2. Heart rate following the induction of anesthesia (total n = 50).

Heart rate (b/min)	Groups		Independent samples T-test
	C (N = 25)	NK (N = 25)	t	p-value
10 min	71.5 ± 12.8 (52.0–95.0)	78.0 ± 11.3 (56.0–100.0)	1.899	0.064
20 min	71.3 ± 12.6 (51.0–98.0)	74.6 ± 11.2 (55.0–94.0)	0.998	0.323
30 min	71.1 ± 11.5 (53.0–93.0)	72.1 ± 11.7 (53.0–90.0)	0.316	0.753
40 min	70.2 ± 12.7 (50.0–95.0)	68.4 ± 12.8 (40.0–90.0)	0.478	0.635
50 min	70.0 ± 11.8 (50.0–92.0)	67.5 ± 12.5 (45.0–90.0)	0.736	0.465
60 min	71.6 ± 11.2 (55.0–92.0)	67.6 ± 11.9 (45.0–89.0)	0.907	0.369
70 min	71.6 ± 12.3 (52.0–92.0)	66.8 ± 12.5 (47.0–90.0)	1.072	0.289
80 min	71.8 ± 12.2 (53.0–94.0)	67.4 ± 13.0 (45.0–91.0)	0.965	0.340
90 min	71.6 ± 12.3 (51.0–92.0)	67.7 ± 12.6 (48.0–89.0)	0.820	0.416
100 min	71.3 ± 11.9 (52.0–95.0)	68.3 ± 11.3 (50.0–89.0)	0.902	0.372
110 min	71.0 ± 11.7 (52.0–94.0)	69.4 ± 11.9 (49.0–90.0)	0.456	0.650
120 min	71.6 ± 11.9 (53.0–92.0)	70.1 ± 11.6 (50.0–90.0)	0.145	0.886

C: control group; NK: neostigmine & ketorolac group; Independent samples T-test.

Table 3. Systolic & diastolic blood pressure following the induction of anesthesia (total n = 50).

		Groups		Independent samples T-test
		C (N = 25)	NK (N = 25)	t	p-value
10 min	SBP	149.4 ± 17.4 (110.0–178.0)	139.5 ± 16.5 (110.0–190.0)	2.076	0.043*
	DBP	70.8 ± 8.3 (55.0–90.0)	81.7 ± 9.9 (65.0–100.0)	4.229	<0.001*
20 min	SBP	150.4 ± 14.9 (114.0–170.0)	137.2 ± 13.5 (110.0–170.0)	3.287	0.002*
	DBP	71.2 ± 7.4 (58.0–87.0)	79.2 ± 7.6 (65.0–95.0)	3.801	<0.001*
30 min	SBP	149.4 ± 15.6 (100.0–168.0)	136.5 ± 12.4 (115.0–170.0)	3.226	0.002*
	DBP	71.7 ± 6.6 (60.0–84.0)	79.4 ± 6.5 (66.0–90.0)	4.112	<0.001*
40 min	SBP	150.4 ± 12.8 (118.0–165.0)	138.1 ± 11.1 (117.0–160.0)	3.610	0.001*
	DBP	71.6 ± 8.3 (58.0–88.0)	77.5 ± 8.4 (50.0–90.0)	2.518	0.015*
50 min	SBP	150.6 ± 14.2 (115.0–172.0)	138.4 ± 12.5 (115.0–170.0)	3.218	0.002*
	DBP	72.3 ± 7.9 (59.0–89.0)	77.7 ± 7.0 (60.0–90.0)	2.580	0.013*
60 min	SBP	151.6 ± 15.3 (110.0–172.0)	138.0 ± 14.2 (110.0–170.0)	3.243	0.002*
	DBP	71.3 ± 8.0 (62.0–88.0)	80.0 ± 5.5 (70.0–90.0)	4.432	<0.001*
70 min	SBP	150.1 ± 15.8 (112.0–175.0)	138.0 ± 14.5 (110.0–180.0)	2.831	0.007*
	DBP	72.7 ± 8.1 (62.0–92.0)	80.2 ± 7.0 (66.0–90.0)	3.492	0.001*
80 min	SBP	153.3 ± 15.3 (120.0–177.0)	138.4 ± 11.9 (115.0–170.0)	3.817	<0.001*
	DBP	71.5 ± 7.7 (60.0–94.0)	80.9 ± 7.3 (65.0–90.0)	4.440	<0.001*
90 min	SBP	153.6 ± 15.0 (125.0–178.0)	139.3 ± 13.8 (115.0–180.0)	3.513	0.001*
	DBP	71.8 ± 7.5 (61.0–91.0)	80.0 ± 6.6 (65.0–90.0)	4.105	<0.001*
100 min	SBP	152.5 ± 13.8 (124.0–172.0)	139.1 ± 13.2 (115.0–180.0)	3.521	0.001*
	DBP	71.8 ± 7.5 (64.0–92.0)	81.0 ± 7.0 (67.0–90.0)	4.517	<0.001*
110 min	SBP	151.6 ± 13.6 (124.0–173.0)	137.4 ± 12.4 (114.0–170.0)	3.875	<0.001*
	DBP	71.0 ± 6.8 (63.0–89.0)	80.0 ± 6.8 (67.0–90.0)	4.707	<0.001*
120 min	SBP	152.6 ± 14.5 (120.0–175.0)	139.4 ± 12.2 (115.0–170.0)	3.492	0.001*
	DBP	71.4 ± 7.2 (62.0–90.0)	80.0 ± 7.5 (65.0–90.0)	4.078	<0.001*

C: control group; NK: neostigmine & ketorolac group; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Independent samples T-test; * significant at p < 0.05.

Table 4. Oxygen saturation following the induction of anesthesia (total n = 50).

Oxygen saturation (%)	Groups		Independent samples T-test
	C (N = 25)	NK (N = 25)	t	p-value
10 min	98.7 ± 0.7 (98.0–100.0)	98.6 ± 0.8 (97.0–100.0)	0.565	0.575
20 min	98.7 ± 0.6 (98.0–100.0)	98.4 ± 0.7 (97.0–100.0)	1.490	0.143
30 min	98.8 ± 0.7 (98.0–100.0)	98.3 ± 0.7 (97.0–100.0)	2.200	0.033*
40 min	98.9 ± 0.7 (98.0–100.0)	98.4 ± 0.6 (97.0–99.0)	2.486	0.016*
50 min	98.4 ± 0.8 (97.0–100.0)	98.5 ± 0.7 (97.0–100.0)	0.769	0.446
60 min	98.9 ± 0.8 (98.0–100.0)	98.8 ± 0.6 (98.0–100.0)	0.629	0.532
70 min	98.5 ± 0.5 (98.0–99.0)	98.8 ± 0.6 (97.0–100.0)	1.702	0.095
80 min	99.0 ± 0.7 (98.0–100.0)	98.9 ± 0.8 (98.0–100.0)	0.775	0.442
90 min	98.9 ± 0.8 (97.0–100.0)	99.0 ± 0.8 (98.0–100.0)	0.171	0.865
100 min	98.5 ± 0.7 (97.0–100.0)	98.8 ± 0.8 (98.0–100.0)	1.291	0.203
110 min	98.4 ± 0.9 (97.0–100.0)	98.7 ± 0.8 (97.0–100.0)	1.495	0.142
120 min	98.6 ± 0.8 (97.0–100.0)	98.8 ± 0.7 (97.0–100.0)	1.307	0.197

C: control group; NK: neostigmine & ketorolac group; Independent samples T-test; * significant at p < 0.05.

Table 5. The adverse effects as well as patients’ and surgeons’ satisfaction (total n = 50).

		Groups		Pearson’s Chi-square/ Fisher’s exact tests
		C(N = 25)	NK(N = 25)	X^2	p-value
Adverse effects	None	23 (92.0%)	21 (84.0%)	FE	0.667
	Pain requiring more local Anesthetic	1 (4.0%)	0 (0.0%)	FE	1.000
	Bradycardia	0 (0.0%)	4 (16.0%)	FE	0.110
	Subconjunctival hemorrhage	1 (4.0%)	0 (0.0%)	FE	1.000
Patients’ satisfaction	Some dissatisfaction	15 (62.5%)	3 (12.0%)	13.437	<0.001*
	Complete satisfaction	9 (37.5%)	22 (88.0%)
Surgeons’ satisfaction	Acceptable	14 (58.3%)	3 (12.0%)	11.602	0.001*
	Perfect	10 (41.7%)	22 (88.0%)

C: control group; NK: neostigmine & ketorolac group; FE: Fisher’s exact; * significant at p < 0.05.