Effect of dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl on recovery responses to tracheal extubation in vitrectomy, randomized, controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow Diagram.

Table 1. Patient characteristics.

Variables	Group I Control group	Group II Fentanyl group	Group III Dexmedetomidine group	P value
				I vs II	I vs III	II vs III
Age: year	36 ± 13.73	44 ± 15.2	35.35 ± 18.21	0.166
Sex: Male. Female.	13 (65%) 7 (35%)	10 (50%) 10 (50%)	13 (65%) 7 (35%)	0.535
Weight: Kg	78.5 ± 7.39	80.9 ± 7.29	78.15 ± 8.72	0.486
Height: Cm	175.25 ± 4.54	173.75 ± 13.6	172.6 ± 6.99	0.662
ASA class: I. II.	19 (95%) 1 (5%)	16 (80%) 4 (20%)	17 (85%) 3 (15%)	0.364
Anesthesia time	49.5 ± 11.5	51.5 ± 12.3	50.5 ± 13.6	0.879
Recovery time	16.1 ± 2.2	16.7 ± 1.9	15.6 ± 1.6	0.199
Extubation time	10.8 ± 1	10.8 ± 0.9	8.9 ± 1	1.000	0.001*	<0.001#

Data are expressed as means ± SD or numbers and percentages. * = statistically significant differences to the control group.

# = statistically significant differences between the dexmedetomidine and the fentanyl group.

Table 2. Intraocular pressure (mmHg).

Variables	Group I Control group	Group II Fentanyl group	Group III Dexmedetomidine group	P value
				I vs II	I vs III	II vs III
10 min after induction	12.2 ± 1.3	12.9 ± 1.4	12.9 ± 1.2	0.150
At extubation	21.5 ± 2.8	15.2 ± 3.6	14.7 ± 2.7	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.643
5 min after extubation	14.1 ± 2.5	13.3 ± 3.4	12.9 ± 1.4	0.362
10 min after extubation	14.1 ± 2.5	12.9 ± 1.37	12.8 ± 3.1	0.184
20 min after extubation	14.1 ± 2.5	12.9 ± 1.37	12.8 ± 3.1	0.184

Data are expressed as means ± SD. * = statistically significant difference to control group.

Table 3. Heart rate (beat/min).).

Variables	Group I Control group	Group II Fentanyl group	Group III Dexmedetomidine group	P value
				I vs II	I vs III	II vs III
Preoperative.	99.2 ± 11.31	97.9 ± 11.7	94.2 ± 14.8	0.434
At the end of surgery	98.5 ± 3.7	67 ± 50.3	100.2 ± 33.4	0.322
After 1 min of administration	106.6 ± 8.4	95.4 ± 9.8	84.4 ± 16.5	0.001*	<0.001*	0.008#
After 3 min of administration	107.9 ± 8.4	94.1 ± 11.8	82.1 ± 14.9	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.003#
At extubation	114.3 ± 10.7	91.3 ± 8.9	79 ± 12.2	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.001#
After 1 min of extubation	112.1 ± 9.2	90.9 ± 10.9	75.6 ± 10.7	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001#
After 3 min of extubation	110.9 ± 7.4	90.5 ± 10.9	73.9 ± 9.2	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001#
After 5 min of extubation	107.7 ± 7.1	89.8 ± 10.1	73.1 ± 8.05	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001#
After 10 min of extubation	103.8 ± 7.6	90.2 ± 7.7	72.3 ± 7.9	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001#

Data are expressed as means ± SD. * = statistically significant differences to the control group.

# = statistically significant differences between the dexmedetomidine and the fentanyl group.

Table 4. Mean arterial pressure (mmHg).

Variables	Group I Control group	Group II fentanyl group	Group III Dexmedetomidine group	P value
				I vs II	I vs III	II vs III
Preoperative	100.8 ± 9.6	105.8 ± 14.8	106.1 ± 12.8	0.317
At the end of surgery	100.8 ± 9.3	91 ± 5	103.2 ± 14.9	0.374
After 1 min of administration	101.1 ± 9.6	95.9 ± 9.4	99.9 ± 15.7	0.161
After 3 min of administration	103.7 ± 6.9	94.6 ± 10.3	91.9 ± 13.9	0.004*	0.005*	0.626
At extubation	108.3 ± 9.2	96.6 ± 10.2	88.7 ± 9.5	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.012#
After 1 min of extubation	108.6 ± 9.8	95.7 ± 9.9	90.6 ± 10.1	<0.001*	<0.001*	0.110
After 3 min of extubation	105.1 ± 7.6	95.6 ± 10.1	86.4 ± 6.8	0.001*	<0.001*	0.001#
After 5 min of extubation	102.9 ± 8.5	97.9 ± 10.9	87.1 ± 5.8	0.218	<0.001*	0.001#
After 10 min of extubation	101.6 ± 8.2	98 ± 11.1	84.9 ± 5.6	0.202	<0.001*	<0.001#

Data are expressed as means ± SD. * = statistically significant difference to the control group.

# = statistically significant differences between the dexmedetomidine and the fentanyl group.

Figure 2. Extubation quality.

Table 5. Ramsay sedation score for patients.).

Ramsay sedation score (time)	Group I Control group	Group II Fentanyl group	Group III Dexmedetomidine group	P value
10 min.	1.75 ± 1.11	3.9 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.5	<0.001*	<0.001*	<0.001#
20 min	1.05 ± 0.2	2 ± 0.3	2 ± 0	<0.001*	<0.001*	1.000
30 min	1.45 ± 0.6	1.55 ± 0.5	1.8 ± 0.7	0.182

Data are expressed as means ± SD. * = statistically significant difference to the control group.

# = statistically significant differences between the dexmedetomidine and the fentanyl group.

Table 6. Visual analogue pain scale.

Variables	Group I Control group	Group II Fentanyl group	Group III Dexmedetomidine	P value
				I vs II	I vs III	II vs III
30 min	2 ± 0.56	1.6 ± 0.7	1.85 ± 0.6	0.198
1 h.	2.8 ± 0.9	1.8 ± 0.5	2.1 ± 0.6	<0.001*	0.006*	0.174
2 h.	2.5 ± 0.6	2.6 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.9	0.501
3 h.	2.5 ± 0.5	2.6 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 0.9	0.221
4 h.	2.7 ± 0.5	2.75 ± 0.8	2.25 ± 0.8	0.125

Data are expressed as means ± SD. * = statistically significant differences to the control group.

Figure 3. Time to first analgesic request.

Figure 4. Modified Aldrete score.

Table 7. Airway complications & adverse effects.

Variables	Group I Control group	Group II Fentanyl group	Group III Dexmedetomidine group	P value
Laryngospasm:	3 (15%)	1 (5%)	0 (0%)	0.153
Bronchospasm:	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	– – -
Desaturation:	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	– – -
Bradycardia:	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (5%)	0.362
Hypotension:	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	– – -
Hypertension:	2 (10%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0.126
Nausea:	6 (30%)	8 (40%)	6 (30%)	0741
Vomiting:	2 (10%)	2 (10%)	0 (0%)	0.343

Data are expressed as numbers and percentages. No statistically significant differences between the three groups