Intraperitoneal Versus Intravenous Dexmedetomidine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery: A prospective, Randomized Controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. CONSORT flow chart of the three studied groups.

Table 1. Demographic data, and duration of the surgery of the studied groups.

	C Group (n = 35)	IV Group (n = 35)	IP Group (n = 35)	P- value
Age (years)	41.4 ± 12.57	35.86 ± 12.18	42.09 ± 12.63	0.077
BMI (kg/m^2)	42.12 ± 5.49	41.31 ± 4.96	42.87 ± 4.65	0.432
Gender (F/M) (n)	(11/24)	(7/28)	(8/27)	0.515
ASA II /III (n)	(19/16)	(20/15)	(17/18)	0.765
Surgery Time (min)	111.6 ± 17.89	117.06 ± 22.25	113.69 ± 20.09	0.523
Intraoperative rescue fentanyl (mcg)	93.86 ± 9.95	90.97 ± 8.04	94.4 ± 6.02	0.173

Notes: C (control group), IV (intravenous group), and IP (intraperitoneal group). Data expressed as (mean ± SD), or patients’ number (n). * Denoted significant difference between the studied groups (P ≤ 0.05)

Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index. ASA: American society of anesthesiologist.

Table 2. First time and the amount of rescue analgesia, and the number of patients on rescue analgesia.

	C Group (n = 35)	IV Group (n = 35)	IP Group (n = 35)	P-value	P1-value	P2-value	P3-value
First time of rescue analgesia (min)	357.71 ± 68.31	922.29 ± 332.82	1460 ± 171.81	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*
Amount of rescue tramadol analgesia (mg)	68.13 ± 29.92	40 ± 26.57	15.71 ± 23.55	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*
Number of patients on rescue analgesia (n) (%)	35 (100%)	26 (74.3%)	11 (31.4%)	< 0.0001*	0.001*	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*

Notes: C (control group), IV (intravenous group), and IP (intraperitoneal group). Data expressed as (mean ± SD), or patients number (percentage). *Denoted significant difference between the studied groups (P ≤ 0.05). P value presented the comparison between the three groups. P1 value presented the comparison between C group and IV group. P2 value presented the comparison between C group and IP group. P3 value presented the comparison between IV group and IP group.

Figure 2. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of the three studied groups.

Figure 3. Heart rates of the three studied groups.

Figure 4. Mean Arterial Blood pressure (MAP) of the three studied groups.

Table 3. Extubation and recovery times, Aldrete score, and the incidence of complications of the studied groups.

	C Group (n = 35)	IV Group (n = 35)	IP Group (n = 35)	P-value	P1-value	P2-value	P3-value
Extubation time (min)	8.83 ± 2.14	14.06 ± 4.74	9.8 ± 2.92	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*	0.24	< 0.0001*
Recovery time (min)	17.26 ± 5.43	24.46 ± 6.86	16.46 ± 5.28	< 0.0001*	< 0.0001*	0.572	< 0.0001*
Aldrete score	9 (9–10)	9 (7–10)	9 (9–10)	0.022 *	0.024*	0.81	0.015*
Incidence of Complications
PONV	3 (8.6%)	3 (8.6%)	2 (5.7%)	0.613
Shoulder pain	4 (11.4%)	4 (11.4%)	4 (11.4%)
Hypotension	-	2 (5.7%)	1 (2.9%)
Bradycardia	-	4 (11.4%)	-

Notes: C (control group), IV (intravenous group), and IP (intraperitoneal group). PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting. Data expressed as (mean ± SD), patient number (percentage), or median (interquartile range). *Denoted significant difference between the studied groups (P ≤ 0.05). P value presented the comparison between the three groups. P1 value presented the comparison between C group and IV group. P2 value presented the comparison between C group and IP group. P3 value presented the comparison between IV group and IP group.