Longitudinal analysis of electrolyte prolife in intensive care COVID-19 patients

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics and comorbidities for COVID-19 patients in total and by survival.

Variable		Total (n=60)	Died (n=25)	Survived (n=35)	p-value
Baseline demographics
Age, years		57 (48.7–67.2)	67 (56–72)	50 (41.5–62)	0.002
Sex	Male	44	19 (76%)	25 (71.4%)	0.921
	Female	16	6 (24%)	10 (28.6%)
BMI, m/kg2		31 (27.7–36.5)	30.8 (27.7–41.3)	31.1 (29.0–35.3)	1
Obesity		17	8 (32%)	9 (25.7%)	0.46
Hypertension		31	16 (64%)	15 (42.9%)	0.124
Coronary Artery Disease		3	2 (8%)	1 (2.9%)	0.565
Heart Failure		4	4 (16%)	0	0.026
Hyperlipidemia		18	9 (36%)	9 (25.7%)	0.395
Diabetes		34	15 (60%)	19 (54.3%)	0.793
COPD		1	1 (4%)	0	0.417
Chronic Kidney Disease		8	5 (20%)	3 (8.6%)	0.259
History of stroke		4	2 (8%)	2 (5.7%)	1
Days in ICU		11.5 (6–21.2)	10 (4–24)	12 (7–21)	0.417
Medications
Antihypertensive (Beta Blocker)		8	5 (20.0%)	3 (8.6%)	0.244
Antihypertensive (Calcium Channel Blocker)		21	7 (28.0%)	14 (40.0%)	0.579
Antihypertensive (Alpha Agonist)		1	1 (4.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0.397
(Lipid Lowering) Statins		18	10 (40.0%)	8 (22.9%)	0.147
ACE inhibitor		12	5 (20.0%)	7 (20.0%)	1
(Renin-Angiotensin System) Angiotensin Receptor Blocker		8	3 (12.0%)	5 (14.3%)	1
Diuretic (Loop Diuretic)		6	4 (16.0%)	2 (5.7%)	0.202
Diuretic (Thiazide Diuretic)		3	1 (4.0%)	2 (5.7%)	1
Other diuretic		1	1 (4.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0.397
Antiplatelet (Aspirin)		12	8 (32.0%)	4 (11.4%)	0.047
Anticoagulant		6	3 (12.0%)	3 (8.6%)	0.673
Acute organ injury
Acute Kidney Injury		22	13 (52.0%)	9 (25.7%)	0.054
Acute Cardiac Injury		9	7 (28.0%)	2 (5.7%)	0.026
Acute Liver Injury		31	16 (64.0%)	15 (42.9%)	0.113
Need for Dialysis*		7	5 (25%)	2 (6.5%)	0.096

All continuous data presented as median (IQR), with P-values calculated using Mann-Whitney’s U test. All categorical data presented as frequency (%), with P-values calculated using Fisher’s exact test. Statistical significance denoted with bold text. BMI – body mass index; COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ICU – intensive care unit. *Patients on dialysis for chronic kidney disease were excluded.

Table 2. Electrolyte levels on ICU admission and at discharge/death, in total and by survival.

Variable	Reference range	Total	Died	Survived	p-value
A. Electrolytes on ICU Admission
Sodium	135–147 mmol/L	138 (135.5–141)	137.5 (135.8–142.2)	138 (135.5–139.5)	0.621
Potassium	3.5–5.0 mmol/L	4.3 (3.8–4.7)	4.4 (4.0–4.7)	4.2 (3.7–4.5)	0.227
Chloride	98–106 mmol/L	100 (97–102.2)	99 (96–105)	101 (98–102)	0.754
Calcium	2–2.5 mmol/L	2.11 (2.03–2.21)	2.09 (2.03–2.16)	2.14 (2.04–2.24)	0.329
Bicarbonate	21–28 mmol/L	22 (19–24)	21 (18–24)	23 (21–24)	0.087
Phosphate	0.97–1.45 mmol/L	1.01 (0.87–1.29)	1.17 (0.91–1.36)	0.96 (0.81–1.22)	0.094
Magnesium	0.65–1.05 mmol/L	0.87 (0.77–0.98)	0.86 (0.76–0.98)	0.88 (0.80–0.99)	0.400
B. Electrolytes at Discharge/Death
Sodium	135–147 mmol/L	140 (137–145.8)	146 (139.5–149)	139 (136.5–141)	0.002
Potassium	3.5–5.0 mmol/L	4.3 (3.9–7.7)	4.9 (4.2–5.6)	4.1 (3.9–4.5)	0.002
Chloride	98–106 mmol/L	102 (97–105)	103 (96–107)	100 (97.7–104.2)	0.532
Calcium	2–2.5 mmol/L	2.16 (2.01–2.28)	2.00 (1.83–2.16)	2.22 (2.14–2.35)	<0.001
Bicarbonate	21–28 mmol/L	23 (20–25)	21 (16.2–25.5)	23 (22–24.5)	0.130
Phosphate	0.97–1.45 mmol/L	1.22 (1.03–2.11)	1.38 (1.06–2.86)	1.12 (0.94–1.54)	0.028
Magnesium	0.65–1.05 mmol/L	0.92 (0.84–1.02)	0.96 (0.88–1.14)	0.90 (0.81–0.94)	0.034

All continuous data presented as median (IQR), with P-values calculated using Mann-Whitney’s U test. Statistical significance denoted with bold text.

Table 3. Random intercept models (longitudinal trajectory) for electrolytes.

Variable	Coefficient	Std. Error	p-value
A. Sodium
Days in ICU	0.029	0.023	0.215
Death	3.843	1 017	<0.001
Days in ICU*Death	−0.181	0.031	<0.001
B. Potassium
Days in ICU	−0.007	0.003	0.015
Death	0.109	0.123	0.378
Days in ICU*Death	0.018	0.004	<0.001
C. Chloride
Days in ICU	−0.016	0.024	0.506
Death	1.371	1.123	0.227
Days in ICU*Death	−0.196	0.032	<0.001
D. Calcium
Days in ICU	0.007	0.001	<0.001
Death	−0.052	0.036	0.158
Days in ICU*Death	−0.005	0.001	<0.001
E. Bicarbonate
Days in ICU	−0.006	0.017	0.720
Death	−0.576	0.862	0.507
Days in ICU*Death	0.040	0.023	0.087
F. Phosphate
Days in ICU	0.012	0.003	<0.001
Death	0.484	0.126	<0.001
Days in ICU*Death	−0.001	0.003	0.766
G. Magnesium
Days in ICU	−0.009	0.001	0.157
Death	0.031	0.033	0.357
Days in ICU*Death	0.001	0.001	0.074

Statistical significance denoted with bold text.