Safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine vs ketamine vs midazolam combined with propofol in gastrointestinal endoscopy for cancer patients: A randomized double-blinded trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. Consort flow chart.

Table 1. Patient characteristics, type of surgery, and time of the procedure of the studied groups.

				Group D (n = 25)	Group K (n = 25)	Group M (n = 25)	P value
Age (years)				4.1 ± 13.53	39.6 ± 11.74	43.6 ± 13.13	.488
Sex		Male		18 (72%)	15 (60%)	17 (68%)	0.657
		Female		7 (28%)	10 (40%)	8 (32%)
Weight (kg)				64.6 ± 1.78	68.2 ± 1.49	66.8 ± 1.82	.498
Height (cm)				1.65 ± .08	1.65 ± .07	1.66 ± .09	.954
BMI (kg/m^2)				23.7 ± 4.44	25 ± 4.19	24.5 ± 5.04	.609
ASA physical status			II	18 (72%)	16 (64%)	19 (76%)	0.637
			III	7 (28%)	9 (36%)	6 (24%)
Hypertension				13 (52%)	10 (40%)	15 (60%)	.363
DM				9 (36%)	11 (44%)	8 (32%)	.671
Type of Surgery	Lower endoscopy			16 (64%)	20 (80%)	17 (68%)	0.433
	Both upper and lower endoscopy			9 (36%)	5 (20%)	8 (32%)
Time of the procedure (min)				22.8 ± 5.27	24.7 ± 3.68	23.5 ± 4.64	.342

Data are presented as mean ± SD or frequency (%), BMI: Body mass index, ASA: American society of anesthesiologists, DM: Diabetes mellitus.

Table 2. Outcomes of the studied groups.

	Group D (n = 25)	Group K (n = 25)	Group M (n = 25)	P value
Time to achievement of RSS 3–4 (min)	4.7 ± .86	5.9 ± 1.49	7.1 ± 1.94	<.001*	P1 = 015* P2 < 0.001* P3 = 0.021*
Time to eye opening (min)	3.2 ± .93	4 ± 1.21	6.4 ± 1.63	<.001*	P1=0.079 P2 < 0.001* P3 < 0.001*
Total propofol dose (mg)	128.6 ± 23.91	188.8 ± 33.61	226.8 ± 4.57	<.001*	P1 < 0.001* P2 < 0.001* P3 < 0.001*

Data are presented as mean ± SD. RSS: Ramsay sedation score. *: Significant as P value ≤ 0.05, P1: P value between group D and group K, P2: P value between group D and group M, P3: P value between group K and group M.

Figure 2. HR (beats/min) of the studied groups.

Figure 3. MAP (mmHg) of the studied groups.