Evaluating the perioperative analgesic effect of ultrasound-guided trigeminal nerve block in adult patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery under general anesthesia: A randomized controlled study

Figures & data

Figure 1. The CONSORT flow diagram of the trial.

Table 1. Demographic and surgical data.

	Control (n = 25)	TNB group (n = 25)	p-value
Sex, n (%)
Male	14 (56.0%)	16 (64.0%)	0.564
Female	11 (44.0%)	9 (36.0%)
Age, Year, Mean ± SD	33.56 ± 10.07	37.28 ± 11.54	0.230
Duration of Surgery, Hour, Mean ± SD	3.25 ± 0.77	2.96 ± 0.69	0.169
Type of Surgery, n (%)
Maxillary/Mandibular Fracture	23 (92.0%)	24 (96%)	0.342
Mass Excision	2 (8.0%)	1 (4.0%)
ASA physical status, n (%)
I	17 (68.0%)	20 (80.0%)	0.324
II	8 (32.0%)	5 (20.0%)

TNB:trigeminal nerve block; SD: standard deviation; n: numbers; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 2. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and total fentanyl consumption during the intraoperative period.

	Control (n = 25)			p0	TNB group (n = 25)		p0	p-value
Heart rate, Beat/min, Mean ± SD
Baseline	83.44 ± 9.59				9.76 ± 15.13			0.930
Skin incision	81.32 ± 7.63			1.000	81.56 ± 11.36		0.009*	0.930
1 h	85.88 ± 6.81			0.002*	79.24 ± 9.48		0.003*	0.007*
2 h	87.84 ± 6.38			<0.001*	76.48 ± 5.91		<0.001*	<0.001*
3 h	88.48 ± 10.39			<0.001*	77.38 ± 9.86		<0.001*	<0.001*
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg, Mean ± SD
Baseline	99.16 ± 10.47				101.1 ± 9.94			0.500
Skin incision	85.28 ± 10.32			<0.001*	85.44 ± 1.72		<0.001*	0.957
1 h	86.12 ± 7.86			<0.001*	74.12 ± 5.83		<0.001*	<0.001*
2 h	89.64 ± 11.17			0.017*	81.28 ± 6.56		<0.001*	0.002*
3 h	90.87 ± 10.80			0.014*	81.76 ± 7.11		<0.001*	0.002*
Total intraoperative fentanyl consumption, µ/kg	2.38 ± 0.62				0.36 ± 0.55			<0.001*

TNB:trigeminal nerve block; SD: standard deviation; n: number; p0: p value for post hoc test (Bonferroni) for ANOVA with repeated measures for comparing between baseline and each other measurement within each group; *: significant at p ≤ 0.05.

Table 3. The Numerical Rating Scale and postoperative nalbuphine consumption.

	Control (n = 25)	p0	TNB group (n = 25)	p^0	p-value
Numerical rating scale, Mean ± SD
30 min	3.80 ± 0.96		2.28 ± 0.61		<0.001*
6 h	4.32 ± 0.85	0.049*	1.64 ± 0.76	0.002*	<0.001*
12 h	3.92 ± 0.76	0.561	1.36 ± 0.57	<0.001*	<0.001*
18 h	3.28 ± 0.61	0.054	1.20 ± 0.41	<0.001*	<0.001*
24 h	2.56 ± 0.71	<0.001*	1.04 ± 0.20	<0.001*	<0.001*
Postoperative nalbuphine, mg
Number of patients	25 (100.0%)		7 (28.0%)
Mean ± SD	11.60 ± 4.72		1.92 ± 3.28		<0.001*

TNB:trigeminal nerve block; SD: standard deviation; n: number; p0: p value for post hoc test (Dunn’s) for Friedman test for comparing between 30 min after emergence from the anaesthesia and each other period; *: significant at p ≤ 0.05.

Table 4. Postoperative complications and patient satisfaction.

Variable	Control (n = 25)	TNB group (n = 25)	p-value
Nausea/vomiting, n (%)	4 (16.0%)	1 (4.0%)	0.349
Headache, n (%)	9 (36.0%)	3 (12.0%)	0.047*
Paraesthesia, n (%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (8.0%)	0.490
Respiratory depression, n (%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0.490
Patient satisfaction, Mean ± SD	5.84 ± 0.90	8.04 ± 0.89	<0.001*

TNB:trigeminal nerve block; SD: standard deviation; n: numbers; *: significant at p ≤ 0.05.