The perioperative analgesic effect of opioid free anesthesia using combination of dexmedetomidine, ketamine and lidocaine in adolescent patients undergoing Scoliosis Surgery; A randomized Controlled Trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. The CONSORT flow diagram, including enrollment, intervention allocation and analysis.

Table 1. Demographic data and patients characteristic in the two studied groups.

		OFA group (N = 25)	OBA group (N = 25)
Age (years)		15 ± 2.35	14 ± 2.55
Gender	Male	14 (56.0%)	12 (48.0%)
	Female	11 (44.0%)	13 (52.0%)
Weight (kg)		58.0 ± 9.52	56.0 ± 1.23
ASA physical status	I	12 (48.0%)	15 (60.0%)
	II	13 (52.0%)	10 (4.0%)
Duration of surgery (min)		200 ± 35.65	204 ± 32.273

Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD or frequency (%). ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists, OFA: opioid-free anesthesia, OBA: opioid-based anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. P-value <0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Table 2. Patients required intraoperative magnesium, time of first postoperative analgesic requirement and total postoperative morphine consumption at 24 h in the two studied groups.

	OFA group (N = 25)	OBA group (N = 25)	P value
Patients required intraoperative magnesium	3 (12.0%)	13 (52.0%)	0.005*
Time of first postoperative analgesic requirement (h)	4 ± 1.63	3 ± 1.19	<0.001*
Total postoperative morphine consumption at 24 h (mg)	14 ± 5.43	13 ± 4.99	0.543

Note: OFA: opioid-free anesthesia, OBA: opioid-based anesthesia. * P value <0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Table 3. Visual analog scale in the two studied groups.

	OFA group (N = 25)	OBA group (N = 25)
PACU	2 (1–3)	2 (1–2)
1 h postoperatively	2 (1–2)	3 (2–3)*
2 h postoperatively	2 (1–2)	3 (3–5)*
4 h postoperatively	3 (2–4)	2 (2–5)
6 h postoperatively	3 (1–4)	2 (2–3)
12 h postoperatively	3 (2–5)	3 (2–4)
18 h postoperatively	3 (2–5)	4 (2–5)
24 h postoperatively	4 (2–5)	2 (1–5)

Note: Data are expressed as median (IQR: Interquartile range). OFA: opioid-free anesthesia, OBA: opioid-based anesthesia, PACU: post-anesthesia care unit, *P-value <0.05 compared to OFA group.

Table 4. Side effects in the two studied groups.

	OFA group (N = 25)	OBA group (N = 25)
Bradycardia	4 (16.0%)	1 (4.0%)
PONV	2 (8.0%)	6 (24.0%)
Respiratory depression	0 (.0%)	1 (4.0%)

Note: Data are expressed as number and frequency (percentage). OFA: opioid-free anesthesia, OBA: opioid-based anesthesia. PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. P-value <0.05 is considered statistically significant.