Role of adding dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and magnesium sulphate to caudal block as preemptive analgesia in hypospadias repair in pediatrics: A randomized double-blinded prospective trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. CONSORT flowchart of the enrolled patients.

Table 1. Demographics and duration of surgery among groups.

		Group D (n = 25)	Group K (n = 25)	Group M (n = 25)	P value
Age (years)		4.4 ± 1.85	4.6 ± 1.29	3.9 ± 1.45	0.205
Weight (kg)		18.4 ± 4.47	19.5 ± 2.47	17.7 ± 3.52	0.224
ASA physical state	I	17 (68%)	15 (60%)	18 (72%)	0.657
	II	8 (32%)	10 (40%)	7 (28%)
Duration of surgery (min)		101.4 ± 13.66	104 ± 13.46	96.6 ± 11.88	0.133

Data are presented as mean ± SD or frequency (%), ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Figure 2. Heart rate (beats/min) of the studied groups.

Figure 3. Mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg) of the studied groups.

Table 2. FLACC score of the studied groups.

	Group D (n = 25)	Group K (n = 25)	Group M (n = 25)	P value	Post hoc
30 min	0(0–1)	1(0–1)	0(0–1)	0.622	–
2 h	1(1–1)	1(1–2)	1(1–2)	0.482	–
4 h	1(1–4)	1(1–5)	3(2–5)	0.009	P1 = 0.719 P2 = 0.005 P3 = 0.013
6 h	2(1–2)	2(2–4)	3(2–5)	<0.001	P1 = 0.006 P2 < 0.001 P3 = 0.107
12 h	4(2–4)	4(2–6)	5(2–6)	<0.001	P1 = 0.008 P2 < 0.001 P3 = 0.081
18 h	2(1–4)	2(2–4)	2(2–4)	0.434	–
24 h	4(2–5)	4(2–5)	4(4–5)	0.085	–

The data is provided as the median (IQR), P1: P value between group D and K, P2: P value between group D and M, P3: P value between group K and M, FLACC: Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability.

Table 3. Time of first rescue analgesia and the total amount of pethidine in 1^st 24 h postoperative among the studied groups.

	Group D (n = 25)	Group K (n = 25)	Group M (n = 25)	P value	Post hoc
Time of first rescue analgesia (h)	8 (4–12)	6 (4–8)	4 (3–4)	<0.001	P1 = 0.027 P2 < 0.001 P3 = 0.009
Total pethidine consumption in 1^st 24 h postoperative (mg)	40 (20–40)	50 (40–60)	60 (50–70)	<0.001	P1 = 0.023 P2 < 0.001 P3 = 0.024

Data are presented as median (IQR). P1: P value between group D and K, P2: P value between group D and M, P3: P value between group K and M.

Table 4. Complications among the studied groups.

	Group D (n = 25)	Group K (n = 25)	Group M (n = 25)	P value
PONV	2 (8%)	6 (24%)	3 (12%)	0.250
Hypotension	4 (16%)	1 (4%)	2 (8%)	0.332
Bradycardia	2 (8%)	0 (0%)	1 (4%)	0.353

Data are provided as frequency (percent), PONV: Postoperative nausea and vomiting.