Intravenous ketorolac versus intravenous dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia after hypospadias repair

Figures & data

Figure 1. Enrollment.

Table 1. Baseline data of the studied groups.

	Group A (n = 30)	Group B (n = 30)	P value
Age (years)	4.92 ± 1.61	4.75 ± 1.33	0.75
ASA			0.34
Class-I	29 (96.7%)	28 (93.3%)
Class-II	1 (3.3%)	2 (6.7%)
Weight (kg)	15.46 ± 2.87	14.76 ± 1.72	0.42
Operative time (minute)	83.33 ± 17.89	92.67 ± 14.63	0.24
Operative fluid intake (ml)	203.33 ± 29.36	218 ± 30.55	0.33

Data expressed as frequency (percentage), mean (SD). p value was significant if < 0.05. Group A included patients who received IV ketorolac, group B included patients who received IV dexmedetomidine. ASA: American society of anesthesiologists.

Figure 2. Change in postoperative FLACC pain scale at different times in both groups. FLACC: The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability.

Figure 3. Change in postoperative RSS at different times in both groups. RSS: Ramsay sedation score.

Table 2. Time to 1st analgesia request and total analgesia consumption.

	Group A (n = 30)	Group B (n = 30)	P value
Time to 1st analgesia request (hour)	2.22 ± 0.79	5.56 ± 1.21	<0.001
Total analgesia consumption (mg)	248.11 ± 58.56	207.54 ± 23.87	0.03

Data expressed as mean (SD). p value was significant if < 0.05. Group A included patients who received IV ketorolac, group B included patients who received IV dexmedetomidine.

Table 3. Postoperative FLACC pain score at different times in both groups.

FLACC pain score	Group A (n = 30)	Group B (n = 30)	P value
Postoperative
Immediate	2 ± 0.55	0	<0.001
At 2nd hour	1.70 ± 0.35	0	<0.001
At 4th hour	0.80 ± 0.19	0	0.39
At 6th hour	2.28 ± 0.60	0	<0.001
At 8th hour	4.30 ± 0.47	0.87 ± 0.22	<0.001
At 12th hour	1.85 ± 0.15	1.74 ± 0.65	0.30
At 18th hour	2.10 ± 0.29	1.60 ± 0.40	<0.001
At 24th hour	3.25 ± 0.74	1.95 ± 0.90	<0.001

Data expressed as mean (SD). p value was significant if < 0.05. Group A included patients who received IV ketorolac, group B included patients who received IV dexmedetomidine. FLACC: The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability.

Table 4. RSS and frequency of emergency agitation in both groups.

	Group A (n = 30)	Group B (n = 30)	P value
Postoperative
Immediate	1.22 ± 0.31	2.50 ± 0.48	<0.001
At 2nd hour	1.50 ± 0.31	3	<0.001
At 4th hour	3	3
At 8th hour	3	3
At 12th hour	3	3
At 24th hour	3	3
Emergency agitation	2 (6.7%)	0	0.60

Data expressed as mean (SD), frequency (percentage). p value was significant if < 0.05. Group A included patients who received IV ketorolac, group B included patients who received IV dexmedetomidine. RSS: Ramsay sedation score.

Figure 4. Change in heart rate at different times in both groups.